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 endless amount of amusing effects. Thus, a small image of the principal figure may be produced by carrying the second light to a great distance, and the lesser figure may be easily made to jump over the former, by moving the candle in a semicircle over the light that is stationary. It is only necessary to recollect that whatever movements are made by the lights, the shadows of the figures follow their example. With a little ingenuity the heads and limbs of the figures may be made moveable; and if one assistant attends entirely to the working of the figures, and the rest to the lights, an infinite number of changes may be carried out. If mounted in a frame, they may be made to throw somersaults, fall down, or jump up in the air at will.

A knowledge of optics will often serve to explain with great ease the tricks played by conjurers and impostors on princes and other great people, for their own vile ends. It is well known that Nostradamus, on being consulted by Marie de Médicis on the future destiny of France, was shown by him in a mirror events that left no doubt on her mind that she would one day share the throne of the Bourbons. These illusions were possibly effected in the following manner, and may be readily understood by reference to fig. 56.

The throne in the first chamber is reflected in a mirror concealed in the canopy overshadowing a second mirror, placed carelessly on a table in the room in which the Princess and astrologer are standing. The arrangement of the mirrors is such that, on looking into the smaller glass, the Princess sees all that is going on in the adjoining chamber. The very fact of her consulting Nostradamus on her future fate, shows that under certain circumstances, at least, this clever woman was as silly as a child. It is not, therefore, to be supposed that she would notice that the mirror she was looking into was inclined at such an angle that it could not reflect her