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 ibid.; the working of the mines there become gradually more expensive, 320.—Low state of arts there when first discovered, ii. 314; is probably more populous now, than at any former period, 315.

Philosophy, natural, the origin and objects of, iii. 146; moral, the nature of, explained, 148; logic, the origin and employment of, ibid.

Physicians, why amply rewarded for their labor, i. 173.

Physics, the ancient system of, explained, iii. 149.

Pinmaking, the extraordinary advantage of a division of labor in this art, i. 44.

Plate of private families, the melting it down to supply state exigencies an insignificant resource, ii. 141; new plate is chiefly made from old, 288.

Plowmen, their knowledge more extensive than the generality of mechanics, i. 204.

Pneumatics, the science of, explained, iii. 149.

Poivre, M., his account of the agriculture of Cochin-China, i. 243.

Poland, a country still kept in poverty by the feudal system of its government, i. 355.

Political economy, the two distinct objects, and two different systems of, ii. 124.—The present agricultural system of, adopted by French philosophers, described, iii. 7 et seq.; classes of the people who contribute to the annual produce of the land, 9; how proprietors contribute, ibid.; how cultivators contribute, 10; artificers and manufacturers, unproductive, 12; the unproductive classes maintained by the others, 15; bad tendency of restrictions and prohibitions in trade, 20–21; how this system is delineated by M. Quesnay, 22; the bad effects of an injudicious political economy, how corrected, 24; the capital error in this system pointed out, ibid.

Poll-taxes, origin of, under the feudal government, ii. 92.—Why esteemed badges of slavery, iii. 271; the nature of, considered, 286.

Poor, history of the laws made for the provision of, in England, i. 216–217.

Pope of Rome, the great power formerly assumed by, iii. 189; his power how reduced, 193–194; rapid progress of the reformation, 197.

Population, riches and extreme poverty equally unfavorable to, i. 140; is limited by the means of subsistence, ibid., 253–254.

Porter, the proportion of malt used in the brewing of, iii. 316.

Portugal, the cultivation of the country not advanced by its commerce, ii. 121; the value of gold and silver there, depreciated by prohibiting their exportation, 236; translation of the commercial treaty concluded in 1703 with England, 282; a large share of the Portugal gold sent annually to England. 284; motives that led to the discovery of a passage to the East round the Cape of Good Hope, 301; lost its manufactures by acquiring rich and fertile colonies, 373.

Post-office, a mercantile project well calculated for being managed by a government, iii. 215.

Potatoes, remarks on, as an article of food, i. 248; culture, and great produce of, 249; the difficulty of