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 plenty and scarcity, 147; are not so materially affected by circumstances in the country where they are carried on, as in the places where they are consumed, 148; new manufactures generally give higher wages than old ones, 186–187; are more profitably carried on in towns than in the open country, 202; by what means the prices of, are reduced, while the society continues improving, 361; instances in hardware, 362; instances in the woollen manufacture, 363; what fixed capitals are required to carry on particular manufactures, 386.—For distant sale, why not established in North America, ii. 72; why manufactures are preferred to foreign trade, for the employment of a capital, 73; motives to the establishment of manufactures for distant sale, 102; how shifted from one country to another, 102–103; natural circumstances which contribute to the establishment of them, 104; their effect on the government and manners of a country, 108; the independence of artisans explained, 113; may flourish amid the ruin of a country, and begin to decay on the return of its prosperity, 146; inquiry how far manufactures might be affected by a freedom of trade, 178; those thrown out of one business can transfer their industry to collateral employments, 179–180; a spirit of combination among manufacturers to support monopolies, 181–182; manufacturers prohibited by old statutes from keeping a shop, or selling their own goods by retail, 260; the use of wholesale dealers to manufacturers, 264; British restraints on manufactures in North America, 332; the exportation of instruments in, prohibited, 440.—Manufacturers, an unproductive class of the people, according to the French agricultural system of political economy, iii. 12, 15; the error of this doctrine shown, 24; how manufacturers augment the revenue of a country, 27–28; why the principal support of foreign trade, 32; require a more extensive market than rude produce of the land, 35; were exercised by slaves in ancient Greece, 37; high prices of, in Greece and at Rome, 38; false policy to check manufactures in order to promote agriculture, 40–41; in Great Britain why principally fixed in the coal countries, 295.

Manure, the supply of, in most places depends on the stock of cattle raised, i. 329.

Maritime countries, why the first that are civilized and improved, i. 63.

Martial spirit, how supported in the ancient republics of Greece and Rome, iii. 168; the want of it now supplied by standing armies, ibid.; the establishment of a militia little able to support it, 169.

Marx, Karl, i. 75 note, ii. 123 note.

Mediterranean Sea peculiarly favorable for the first attempts in navigation, i. 63–64.

Meggens, Mr., his account of the annual importation of gold and silver into Spain and Portugal, i. 312; his relative proportion of each, 316.

Mercantile system explained, iii. 303.

Mercenary troops, origin and reason of, iii. 49; the numbers of, how limited, 50.