Page:The wealth of nations, volume 3.djvu/433

 in the same neighborhood, continually tend to equality, i. 167; the differences or inequalities among, specified, 167–168; the constancy or precariousness of, influences the rate of wages, 170.

Engels', F., "Lage der Arbeitenden Klasse," ii. 123 note.

England, the dates of its several species of coinage, silver, gold and copper, i. 87; why labor is cheaper there, than in North America, 127; the rate of population in both countries compared, 128.—The produce and labor of, have gradually increased from the earliest accounts in history, while writers are representing the country as rapidly declining, ii. 26; enumeration of obstructions and calamities which the prosperity of the country has surmounted, 27; circumstances that favor commerce and manufactures, 119–120; laws in favor of agriculture, 120–121; why formerly unable to carry on foreign wars of long duration, 147; why the commerce with France has been subjected to so many discouragements, 216; foundation of the enmity between these countries, 217; translation of the commercial treaty concluded in 1703, with Portugal, 282; inquiry into the value of the trade with Portugal, 283–284; might procure gold without the Portugal trade, 285–286; consequences of securing the colony trade by the navigation act, 352–353.

Engrossing. See Forestalling.

Entails, the law of, prevents the division of land by alienation, ii. 76; intention of, 77.

Europe, general review of the several nations of, as to their improvement since the discovery of America, i. 304.—The two richest countries in, enjoy the greatest shares of the carrying trade, ii. 65; inquiry into the advantages derived by, from the discovery and colonization of America, 345; the particular advantages derived by each colonizing country, 349; and by others which have no colonies, 396.

Exchange, the operation of, in the commercial intercourse of different countries, ii. 128–129; the course of, an uncertain criterion of the balance of trade between two countries, 188; is generally in favor of those countries which pay in bank money, against those which pay in common currency, 205.

Excise, the principal objects of, iii. 300; the duties of, more clear and distinct than the customs, 307; affects only a few articles of the most general consumption, ibid.; the excise scheme of Sir Robert Walpole defended, 312; the excise upon home-made fermented and spirituous liquors, the most productive, 314; expense of levying excise duties computed, 326–327; the laws of, more vexatious than those of the customs, 330.

Exercise, military, alteration in, produced by the invention of firearms, iii. 55.

Expenses, private, how they influence the national capital, ii. 30; the advantage of bestowing them on durable commodities, 31–32.

Export trade, the principles of, explained, ii. 63; when rude produce may be advantageously exported, even by a foreign capital, 73; why