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80 above factors.” And in some cases, a library may copy an entire unpublished work for a patron under section 108(e), which is discussed later in this chapter.

The Bottom Line: A library may copy an unpublished work it already owns for preservation and security. The library may make up to three digital copies of the work, but the digital copies may only be used on-site. A library that owns an unpublished work may send a digital copy to another section 108 library. A library that receives a digital copy under 108(b) for research use similarly must limit access to the digital copy to within the library’s walls.

Section 108(c) permits a library, under some circumstances, to replace a lost, stolen, damaged, or deteriorating copy of a published work by copying, if after reasonable efforts it determines that an unused replacement cannot be obtained at a fair price. As with section 108(b), the copy can be