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 BETWEEN THE CZAR AND THE SULTAN. 293 after a fight in a city have rushed into houses chap. • XIV where they believed that there were people who |_ helped or favoured their adversaries, and, yield- ing- to their fury, have put to death men and women whom they had never seen in combat against them. This is massacre of non-com- batants, but it is massacre committed by men still hot from the fight Again, it has happened that soldiery, seizing unarmed people whom they believed to be favourers of their adversaries, have nevertheless checked their fury, and, instead of killing them, have made them prisoners ; but afterwards upon the arrival of orders from men more cruel than the angry soldiery, these people have been put to death. This is called an ' exe- ' cution of non-combatants in cold blood.' Here, then, are acts of slaughter of no less than slaughter ranging nine kinds, and of nine kinds so distinct that under aii those cat»« they do not merely differ in their accidents, but gorfes. are divided, the one from the other, by strong moral gradations. It is certain that deeds rang- ing under all these nine categories were done in Paris on the 4th of December 1851, and it is not less certain that, although they were not all of them specifically ordered, they were, every one of them, caused by the brethren of the Ely- see. Moreover, it must be remembered that this slaughtering of prisoners was the slaughtering of men against whom it was only to be charged that they were in arms — not to violate, but — to de- fend the laws of their country. But there is yet another use to which, if it wore