Page:The history of medieval Europe.djvu/723

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* Landgraves, 534
 * Land-peaces, 538
 * Landscape painting, 605
 * Land system, of Roman Empire, 36-37; of early Germans, 44; allotments to veterans, 29; to barbarian settlers, 67; to German invaders, 87, 119-20; effect of the barbarian invasions, 92-93; the great landholder, 120, 123, 162, 170, 193, 204, 214; church lands, 105, 155, 283; their distribution by Charles Martel, 194; Mohammedan Spain, 187; feudal period, 232-46, 254-55, 301, 329, 521; England, 277, 477, 484, 523-24, 630; German northeast 305-06; Lombardy, 346-47; Scandinavia, 546; Low Countries, 617; France, 622; and see Agriculture, Manor, Peasants, Serfdom, Villa
 * Lanfranc, 376
 * Langland, William, 400, 516
 * Langton, Stephen, 458-59
 * Languages, and history, 4, 6-7; and race, 9-10; in Mithridates' empire, 54; effect of invasions on, 119, 474; in church service, 120; medieval, 260, 371, 397-400; modern, 16, 415, 587; and see Aryan, Celtic, English, French, German, Greek, Indo-European, Italian, Latin, Slavic, etc.
 * Languedoc, 272-73, 442, 445, 497, 501, 524, 627
 * Langue d'oc, and langue d o'ïl, 399
 * Laon, 219, 360-62, 376, 380, 438, 524
 * Lapland, 223
 * Lapps, 11
 * Las Siete Partidas, 410
 * Last judgment, 412
 * Last Judgment, of Michelangelo, 607
 * "Later Roman Empire," 87
 * Lateran Palace, 198, 286-87, 452; and see Fourth Lateran Council
 * Latin, Christendom and Church, see Papacy
 * Latin cross, 83, 147, and see Cruciform churches
 * Latin Empire, at Constantinople, 453, 465-66, 553, 583
 * Latin language, literature, and learning, 7, 10, 24, 49, 53; decline of, 65-66, 86, 92, 114, 122, 124, 143, 152, 157, 164, 182; Carolingian, 210-11, 222-23, 272, 294; in tenth and eleventh centuries, 348, 374, 376; in twelfth and thirteenth centuries, 377-412, 419, 435, 474, 487; in the later Middle Ages, 562-63; of Italian Renaissance, 588-93
 * Latin population and race, 24, 52, 119, 213


 * Latin states in Syria, 310, 318-22, 554, 607
 * Laura, Petrarch's, 588
 * Laurentian Portolano, 395
 * Law and laws, including legal and legislation; of ancient city-state, 26; of nature, 31, 99; international, 114; Carolingian, 203-06; of United States, 206; English, 206, 241; feudal, 278-79; royal, 279, 519, 521, and see Royal Courts; of medieval towns, 335-36, 341, 357, 362, 364, 475; Merchant, 335-36, 475 5 medieval diversity of, 336, 475, 490; of Frederick II in Sicily, 469; of Edward I in England, 484; of Parliament under Edward III, 518; Russian, 549, 551; Polish, 552; Venetian, 582; French, 627; Spanish, 631; and see Anglo-Saxon, Canon, Common, German, and Roman law
 * Law-speakers, 50
 * Lay investiture, see Investiture struggle
 * League of Cambrai, 637
 * League of the Public Welfare, 624-25
 * League of Venice, 636
 * Leagues, feudal, 495-97, 502, 526, 539
 * Leagues, of towns, 362, 372, 524, 539, 541; and see Hanseatic, Holy, Lombard, Rhine, Swabian Leagues, and Swiss Confederation
 * Learning, Hellenistic, 22-23; early medieval, 124-25; Arabian, 181-83, 188; Carolingian, 199; Anglo-Saxon, 168, 222-23; medieval, 299, 325, chap. xx, 407, 434, 449, 475, 482, 487, 515; Renaissance, 576; and see Greek, Latin, Humanism, Scholasticism
 * Lechfeld, battle of, 228
 * Legal, see Law
 * Legates, papal, 108, 280, 286, 289, 297, 314, 436, 444-45, 453, 461, 465-66, 481, 504, 513, 546, 558, 562, 568
 * Legislation, see Assemblies, Law
 * Legnano, battle of, 353, 356
 * Lehnrecht, 279
 * Le Mans, see Mans
 * Lenses, invention of magnifying, 388
 * Lent, 202, 495
 * Leo I, Byzantine Emperor, 86
 * Leo III, 195-96, 302
 * Leo I, or the Great, Pope, 85, 107-08, 115
 * Leo III, 208
 * Leo IX, 286, 302
 * Leo X, 115, 634, 638, 640
 * Leon, Kingdom of, 188, 273, 302, 304, 630