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 5 io THE HISTORY OF MEDIEV/iL EUROPE County of Burgundy. Early in the fourteenth century we are fortunate in having a list of the chief administrative divisions of France. In southern France there were twelve seneschals of Poitou, Saintonge, Limousin, Perigord, Au- vergne, the mountains of Auvergne, Querci, Toulouse, Albi- geois, Rouergue, Beaucaire, and Carcassonne. Over Nor- mandy were five baillis, and there were nine others in the north, at Paris, Senlis, Vermandois, Amiens, Sens, Orleans, Tours, Bourges, and Macon. The language spoken in and around Paris had now begun to spread over the rest of France, supplanting the other dia- Spread of lects. It had already become recognized as the the French standard literary language and polite speech of the upper classes, and it also, of course, was the official language of the royal government and court. EXERCISES AND READINGS Compare the method of treating the period from 1180 to 1328, or some one reign during it, employed by histories of France, such as those of Duruy, Kitchin, or Masson, with that of the above chapter. What subjects treated by them have already been discussed in this book in other chapters? "Institutions of Capetian Royalty," Bemont and Monod, Medieval Europe from 3Q5 to 1270 (English translation), chap, xxvi, pp. 421-44. Munroand Sellery, Medieval Civilization, pp. 366-75, advice of St. Louis to his son. For those who read French : — E. Lavisse, Histoire de France, vol. in, part 1, by A. Luchaire. 11 Bou vines," pp. 166-202. Vol. in, part 11, by Langlois. "Louis IX et son entourage," pp. 18-49. " L'Administration Centrale," pp. 322-39. " L'Administration Locale," pp. 339-52.