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 displayed in the invention of a forceps (Fig. 22) strong enough to crush all but the hardest calculi and yet so cleverly planned that it is practicable, while the crushing end of the instrument is lying inside the bladder, to separate the blades sufficiently far apart to render possible the grasping of the stone between the jaws of the instrument without at the same moment injuriously crushing the soft parts in the narrow channel of the wound or opening.

FIG. 22. PIERRE FRANCO'S FORCEPS FOR CRUSHING CALCULI IN THE URINARY BLADDER.

(From Edouard Nicaise's Pierre Franco, Paris, 1895.)

a, closed; b, open.