Page:The growth of medicine from the earliest times to about 1800.djvu/522

 were published on this subject during the sixteenth century. Henry the Second, King of France, expressed his gratitude to Maggi for the care which he took of the wounded French soldiers who fell into the hands of the papal troops at the sieges of Parma and Mirandola. Maggi maintained firmly the belief that gunshot wounds are either poisoned or burned. His death occurred in 1552. The title of his treatise on gunshot wounds is: "De vulnerum bombardarum etc.," Bologna, 1552.

Marianus Sanctus of Barletta near Naples (born in 1489, died at some unknown date after 1550) is credited with having been the first to publish a description of the so-called "apparatus magnus"—the name given in those early days to the method of extracting a calculus from the urinary bladder through an incision in the perineum after a grooved sound or director had first been passed into this organ by way of the urethra. The title of the book in which this description is given is the following: "De lapide renum liber et de lapide ex vesica per incisionem extrahendo," Venice, 1535. Marianus, however, does not claim to have been the inventor of this method. Some writers give the credit for this to Jean da Vigo's father, Bernardo di Rapallo, who communicated a knowledge of the method to Giovanni de Romanis, who in turn instructed Marianus Sanctus. It is believed, furthermore, by some writers that Giovanni de Romanis was the inventor of lithontripsy —the operation of crushing a stone in the bladder or urethra. Laurent Colot, the famous French lithotomist of the eighteenth century, obtained his knowledge from a certain Octavianus de Villa, a friend of Marianus Sanctus, and then kept the matter secret for many years.

Fallopius, the famous anatomist of the early part of the sixteenth century, does not appear to have attained equal distinction in the field of surgery. So far as one may judge from the portions of the text selected from his writings by von Gurlt, Fallopius was a very conservative if not a very timid surgeon, in this respect being not unlike Fab-*