Page:The grammar of English grammars.djvu/782

 Aids to English Composition, the term Brackets only is applied to these angular hooks; and, contrary to all usage of other authors, so far as I know, the name of Crotchets is there given to the Curves. And then, as if this application of the word were general, and its propriety indisputable, the pupil is simply told: "The curved lines between which a parenthesis is enclosed are called Crotchets."&mdash;Gram., Part III, p. 30; Aids, p. 40. "Called Crotchets" by whom? That not even Mr. Parker himself knows them by that name, the following most inaccurate passage is a proof: "The note of admiration and interrogation, as also the parenthesis, the bracket, and the reference marks, [are noted in the margin] in the same manner as the apostrophe."&mdash;Aids, p. 314. In some late grammars, (for example, Hazen's and Day's,) the parenthetic curves are called "the Parentheses" From this the student must understand that it always takes two parentheses to make one parenthesis! If then it is objectionable, to call the two marks "a parenthesis," it is much more so, to call each of them by that name, or both "the parentheses." And since Murray's phrases are both entirely too long for common use, what better name can be given them than this very simple one, the Curves? }}
 * 1) The words eroteme and ecphoneme, which, like aposteme and philosopheme, are orderly derivatives from Greek roots, I have ventured to suggest as fitter names for the two marks to which they are applied as above, than are any of the long catalogue which other grammarians, each choosing for himself have presented. These marks have not unfrequently been called "the interrogation and the exclamation;" which names are not very suitable, because they have other uses in grammar. According to Dr. Blair, as well as L. Murray and others, interrogation and exclamation are "passionate figures" of rhetoric, and oftentimes also plain "unfigured" expressions. The former however are frequently and more fitly called by their Greek names erotesis and ecphonesis, terms to which those above have a happy correspondence. By Dr. Webster and some others, all interjections are called "exclamations;" and, as each of these is usually followed by the mark of emotion, it cannot but be inconvenient to call both by the same name.
 * 2) For things so common as the marks of asking and exclaiming, it is desirable to have simple and appropriate names, or at least some settled mode of denomination; but, it is remarkable, that Lindley Murray, in mentioning these characters six times, uses six different modes of expression, and all of them complex: (1.) "Notes of Interrogation and Exclamation." (2.) "The point of Interrogation,?"&mdash;"The point of Exclamation,!" (3.) "The Interrogatory Point."&mdash;"The Exclamatory Point." (4.) "A note of interrogation,"&mdash;"The note of exclamation." (5.) "The interrogation and exclamation points." (6.) "The points of Interrogation and Exclamation."&mdash;Murray, Flint, Ingersoll, Alden, Pond. With much better taste, some writers denote them uniformly thus: (7.) "The Note of Interrogation,"&mdash;"The Note of Exclamation."&mdash;Churchill, Hiley. In addition to these names, all of which are too long, there may be cited many others, though none that are unobjectionable: (8.) "The Interrogative sign,"&mdash;"The Exclamatory sign."&mdash;Peirce, Hazen. (9.) "The Mark of Interrogation,"&mdash;"The Mark of Exclamation."&mdash;Ward, Felton, Hendrick. (10.) "The Interrogative point,"&mdash;"The Exclamation point."&mdash;T. Smith, Alger. (11.) "The interrogation point,"&mdash;"The exclamation point."&mdash;Webster, St. Quentin, S. Putnam. (12.) "A Note of Interrogation,"&mdash;"A Note of Admiration."&mdash;Coar, Nutting. (13.) "The Interrogative point,"&mdash;"The Note of Admiration, or of vocation."&mdash;Bucke. (14.) "Interrogation (?),"&mdash;"Admiration (!) or Exclamation."&mdash;Lennie, Bullions. (15.) "A Point of Interrogation,"&mdash;"A Point of Admiration or Exclamation."&mdash;Buchanan. (16.) "The Interrogation Point (?),"&mdash;"The Admiration Point (!)."&mdash;Perley. (17.) "An interrogation (?),"&mdash;"An exclamation (!)."&mdash;Cutler. (18.) "The interrogator?"&mdash;"The exclaimor!"&mdash;Day's Gram., p. 112. [The putting of "exclaimor" for exclaimer, like this author's changing of quoters to "quotors," as a name for the guillemets, is probably a mere sample of ignorance.] (19.) "Question point,"&mdash;"Exclamation point."&mdash;Sanborn, p. 272.

SECTION I.&mdash;THE COMMA.
The Comma is used to separate those parts of a sentence, which are so nearly connected in sense, as to be only one degree removed from that close connexion which admits no point.

RULE I.&mdash;SIMPLE SENTENCES.
A simple sentence does not, in general, admit the comma; as, "The weakest reasoners are the most positive."&mdash;W. Allen's Gram., p. 202. "Theology has not hesitated to make or support a doctrine by the position of a comma."&mdash;Tract on Tone, p. 4. "Then pain compels the impatient soul to seize   On promis'd hopes of instantaneous ease."&mdash;Crabbe.

EXCEPTION.&mdash;LONG SIMPLE SENTENCES.
When the nominative in a long simple sentence is accompanied by inseparable adjuncts, or when several words together are used in stead of a nominative, a comma should be placed immediately