Page:The grammar of English grammars.djvu/645

 verbs. But we too frequently find those which retain the government and the adjuncts of participles, used as nouns before or after verbs; or, more properly speaking, used as mongrels and nondescripts, a doubtful species, for which there is seldom any necessity, since the infinitive, the verbal or some other noun, or a clause introduced by the conjunction that, will generally express the idea in a better manner: as, "Exciting such disturbances, is unlawful." Say rather, "To excite such disturbances,--The exciting of such disturbances,--The excitation of such disturbances,--or, That one should excite such disturbances, is unlawful."

. 13.--Murray says, "The word the, before the active participle, in the following sentence, and in all others of a similar construction, is improper, and should be omitted: The advising, or the attempting, to excite such disturbances, is unlawful.' It should be, Advising or attempting to excite disturbances.'"--Octavo Gram., p. 195. But, by his own showing, "the present participle, with the definite article the before it, becomes a substantive."--Ib., p. 192. And substantives, or nouns, by an other of his notes, can govern the infinitive mood, just as well as participles; or just as well as the verbs which he thinks would be very proper here; namely, "To advise or attempt to excite such disturbances."--Ib., p. 196. It would be right to say, "Any advice, or attempt, to excite such disturbances, is unlawful." And I see not that he has improved the text at all, by expunging the article. Advising and attempting, being disjunct nominatives to is, are nothing but nouns, whether the article be used or not; though they are rather less obviously such without it, and therefore the change is for the worse.

OBS. 14.--Lennie observes, "When a preposition"--(he should have said, When an other preposition--) "follows the participle, of is inadmissible; as, His depending on promises proved his ruin. His neglecting to study when young, rendered him ignorant all his life."--''Prin. of E. Gram.'', 5th Ed., p. 65; 13th Ed., 91. Here on and to, of course, exclude of; but the latter may be changed to of, which will turn the infinitive into a noun: as, "His neglecting of study," &c. "Depending" and "neglecting," being equivalent to dependence and neglect, are participial nouns, and not "participles." Professor Bullions, too, has the same faulty remark, examples and all; (for his book, of the same title, is little else than a gross plagiarism from Lennie's;) though he here forgets his other erroneous doctrines, that, "A preposition should never be used before the infinitive," and that, "Active verbs do not admit a preposition after them." See ''Bullions's Prin. of E. Gram.'', pp. 91, 92, and 107.

. 15.--The participle in ing is, on many occasions, equivalent to the infinitive verb, so that the speaker or writer may adopt either, just as he pleases: as, "So their gerunds are sometimes found having [or to have] an absolute or apparently neuter signification."--Grant's Lat. Gram., p. 234. "With tears that ceas'd not flowing" [or to flow].--Milton. "I would willingly have him producing [produce, or to produce] his credentials."--Barclay's Works, iii, 273. There are also instances, and according to my notion not a few, in which the one is put improperly for the other. The participle however is erroneously used for the infinitive much oftener than the infinitive for the participle. The lawful uses of both are exceedingly numerous; though the syntax of the participle, strictly speaking, does not include its various conversions into other parts of speech. The principal instances of regular equivalence between infinitives and participles, may be reduced to the following heads:

1. After the verbs see, hear, and feel, the participle in ing, relating to the objective, is often equivalent to the infinitive governed by the verb; as, "I saw him running"--"I heard it howling."--W. Allen. "I feel the wind blowing." Here the verbs, run, howl, and blow, might be substituted.

2. After intransitive verbs signifying to begin or to continue, the participle in ing, relating to the nominative, may be used in stead of the infinitive connected to the verb; as, "The ass began galloping with all his might."--Sandford and Merton. "It commenced raining very hard."--Silliman. "The steamboats commenced running on Saturday."--Daily Advertiser. "It is now above three years since he began printing."--''Dr. Adam's Pref. to Rom. Antiq. "So when they continued asking him."--John'', viii, 7. Greek, "[Greek: Os epemenon erotontes auton.]" Latin, "Cum ergo perseverarent interrogantes eum."--Vulgate. "Cùm autem perseverarent eum interrogare."--Beza. "Then shall ye continue following the Lord your God."--1 Sam., xii, 14. "Eritis sequentes Dominum Deum vestrum."--Vulgate. "As she continued praying before the Lord."--1 Sam., i, 12. "Cùm ilia multiplicaret preces coram Domino."--Vulgate. "And they went on beating down one an other."--2 Sam., xiv, 16. "Make the members of them go on rising and growing in their importance."--Blair's Rhet., p. 116. "Why do you keep teasing me?"

3. After for, in, of, or to, and perhaps some other prepositions, the participle may in most cases be varied by the infinitive, which is governed by to only; as, "We are better fitted for receiving the tenets and obeying the precepts of that faith which will make us wise unto salvation."--West's Letters, p. 51. That is--"to receive the tenets and obey the precepts." "Men fit for fighting, practised in fighting, proud of fighting, accustomed to fighting."--W. Allen's Gram., p. 172. That is, "fit to fight," &c. "What is the right path, few take the trouble of inquiring."--Murray's Key, 8vo. ii, 235. Better, perhaps:--"few take the trouble to inquire."

OBS. 16.--One of our best grammarians says, "The infinitive, in the following sentences, should be exchanged for the participle: 'I am weary to bear them.' Is. i, 14. 'Hast thou, spirit, perform'd to point the tempest?' Shak."--Allen's Gram., p. 172. This suggestion implies, that the participle would be here not only equivalent to the infinitive in sense, but better in expression. It is true, the preposition to does not well express the relation between weary and bear; and, doubtless, some regard should be had to the meaning of this particle, whenever it is any