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 such a one."--Ib., p. 60. "The muse that soft and sickly wooes the ear."--Pollok, i, 13. "A man were better relate himself to a statue."--Bacon. "I heard thee say but now, thou lik'dst not that."--Shak. "In my whole course of wooing, thou cried'st, Indeed!"--Id. "But our ears are grown familiar with I have wrote, I have drank, &c., which are altogether as ungrammatical."-- Lowth's Gram., p. 63; Churchill's, 114. "The court was sat before Sir Roger came."--Addison, Spect., No. 122. "She need be no more with the jaundice possest."--Swift's Poems, p. 346. "Besides, you found fault with our victuals one day that you was here."--Ib., p. 333. "If spirit of other sort, So minded, have o'erleap'd these earthy bounds."--Milton, P. L., B. iv, l. 582. "It should have been more rational to have forborn this."--Barclay's Works, Vol. iii, p. 265. "A student is not master of it till he have seen all these."--Dr. Murray's Life, p. 55. "The said justice shall summons the party."--Brevard's Digest. "Now what is become of thy former wit and humour?"--Spect., No. 532. "Young stranger, whither wand'rest thou?"--Burns, p. 29. "SUBJ.: Pres. If I love, If thou lovest, If he love. Imp. If I loved, If thou lovedst, If he loved."--Merchant's Gram., p. 51. "SUBJ.: If I do not love, If thou dost not love, If he does not love;" &c.--Ib., p. 56. "If he have committed sins, they shall be forgiven him."--James, v, 15. "Subjunctive Mood of the verb to call, second person singular: If Thou callest. If Thou calledst. If Thou hast called. If Thou hadst called. If Thou call. If Thou shalt or wilt have called."--Hiley's Gram., p. 41. "Subjunctive Mood of the verb to love, second person singular: If thou love. If thou do love. If thou lovedst. If thou didst love. If thou hast loved. If thou hadst loved. If thou shalt or wilt love. If thou shalt or wilt have loved."--Bullions's E. Gram., p. 46. "I was; thou wast, or you was; he, she, or it was: We, you or ye, they, were."--White, on the English Verb, p. 51. "I taught, thou taughtedst, he taught."--Coar's English Gram., p. 66. "We say, if it rains, suppose it rains, lest it should rain, unless it rains. This manner of speaking is called the SUBJUNCTIVE mode."--Weld's Gram., 2d Ed., p. 72; Abridged Ed., 59. "He is arrived at what is deemed the age of manhood."--Priestley's Gram., 163. "He had much better have let it alone."--Tooke's Diversions, i, 43. "He were better be without it."--Locke, on Education, p. 105. "Hadest not thou been by."--Beauties of Shak., p. 107. "I learned geography. Thou learnedest arithmetick. He learned grammar."--Fuller's Gram., p. 34. "Till the sound is ceased."--Sheridan's Elocution, p. 126. "Present, die; Preterit, died; Perf. Participle, dead."--British Gram., p. 158; Buchanan's, 58; Priestley's, 48; Ash's, 45; Fisher's, 71; Bicknell's, 73.

"Thou bowed'st thy glorious head to none, feared'st none." --Pollok, B. viii, l. 603.

"Thou look'st upon thy boy as though thou guessedst it." --N. A. Reader, p. 320.

"As once thou slept'st, while she to life was form'd"       --Milt., P. L., B. xi, l. 369.

"Who finds the partridge in the puttock's nest,   But may imagine how the bird was dead?" --SHAK.: ''Joh. Dict.''

"Which might have well becom'd the best of men." --''Id., Ant. and Cleop.''

CHAPTER VII.--PARTICIPLES.

A Participle is a word derived from a verb, participating the properties of a verb, and of an adjective or a noun; and is generally formed by adding ing, d, or ed, to the verb: thus, from the verb rule, are formed three participles, two simple and one compound; as, 1. ruling, 2. ruled, 3. having ruled.

OBSERVATIONS.

OBS. 1.--Almost all verbs and participles seem to have their very essence in motion, or the privation of motion--in acting, or ceasing to act. And to all motion and rest, time and place are necessary concomitants; nor are the ideas of degree and manner often irrelevant. Hence the use of tenses and of adverbs. For whatsoever comes to pass, must come to pass sometime and somewhere; and, in every event, something must be affected somewhat and somehow. Hence it is evident that those grammarians are right, who say, that "all participles imply time." But it does not follow, that the English participles divide time, like the tenses of a verb, and specify the period of action; on the contrary, it is certain and manifest, that they do not. The phrase, "men labouring," conveys no other idea than that of labourers at work; it no more suggests the time, than the place, degree, or manner, of their work. All these circumstances require other words to express them; as, "Men now here awkwardly labouring much to little purpose." Again: "Thenceforward will men, there labouring hard and honourably, be looked down upon by dronish lordlings."

OBS. 2.--Participles retain the essential meaning of their verbs; and, like verbs, are either active-transitive, active-intransitive, passive, or neuter, in their signification. For this reason, many have classed them with the verbs. But their formal meaning is obviously different. They convey no affirmation, but usually relate to nouns or pronouns, like adjectives, except when they are joined with auxiliaries to form the compound tenses of their verbs; or when they have in part the nature of substantives, like the Latin gerunds. Hence some have injudiciously ranked them with the adjectives. The most discreet writers have commonly assigned them a separate place among the