Page:The fundamental laws of electrolytic conduction.djvu/36

. In such cases the first and second form of apparatus have been used (Figs. 3, 4). The indications obtained were very constant, the variations being much smaller than in those forms of apparatus collecting both gases ; and they can also be procured when solutions are used in comparative experiments, which, yielding no oxygen or only secondary results of its action, can give no indications if the educts at both electrodes be collected. Such is the case when solutions of ammonia, muriatic acid, chlorides, iodides, acetates, or other vegetable salts, etc., are employed.

In a few cases, as where solutions of metallic salts liable to reduction at the negative electrode are acted upon, the oxygen may be advantageously used as the measuring substance. This is the case, for instance, with sulphate of copper.

There are therefore two general forms of the instrument which I submit as a measurer of electricity: one, in which both the gases of the water decomposed are collected; and the other, in which a single gas, as the hydrogen only, is used. When referred to as a comparative instrument (a use I shall now make of it very extensively), it will not often require particular precaution in the observation; but when used as an absolute measurer, it will be needful that the barometric pressure and the temperature be taken into account, and that the graduation of the instruments should be to one scale: the hundredths and smaller divisions of a cubical inch are quite fit for this purpose, and the hundredth may be very conveniently taken as indicating a of electricity.

It can scarcely be needful to point out further than has been done how this instrument is to be used. It is to be introduced into the course of the electric current, the action of which is to be exerted anywhere else, and if 60º or 70º of electricity are to be measured out, either in one or several portions, the current, whether strong or weak, is to be continued until the gas in the tube occupies that number of divisions or hundredths of a cubical inch. Or if a quantity competent to produce a certain effect is to be measured, the effect is to be obtained, and then the indication read off. In exact experiment it is necessary to correct the volume of gas for changes in temperature and pressure, and especially for moisture. For