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Togo (continued) Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabyè; under 1% European and Syrian-Lebanese

Religion:about 70% indigenous beliefs, 20% Christian, 10% Muslim

Language: French, both official and language of commerce; major African languages are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabyè in the north

Literacy: 40.7%

Labor force: NA; 78% agriculture, 22% industry; about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)

Organized labor: one national union, the National Federation of Togolese Workers

Government

Long-form name: Republic of Togo

Type: republic; one-party presidential regime

Capital: Lomé

Administrative divisions: 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular—circonscription); Amlamé (Amou), Aného (Lacs), Atakpamé (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari), Dapaong (Tôné), Kanté (Kéran), Klouto (Kloto), Kpagouda (Binah), Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lomé (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notsé (Haho), Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Tchaoudjo, Tsévié (Zio), Vogan (Vo); note—the 21 units may now be called prefectures (préfectures, singular—préfecture) and reported name changes for individual units are included in parenthesis

Independence: 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration, formerly French Togo)

Constitution: 30 December 1979, effective 13 January 1980

Legal system: French-based court system

National holiday: Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 13 January (1967)

Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale)

Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Suprême)

Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government—President Gen. Gnassingbé EYADÉMA (since 14 April 1967)

Political parties and leaders: only party—Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), President Eyadéma

Suffrage: universal adult at age NA

Elections: President—last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held December 1993); results Gen. Eyadéma was reelected without opposition;

National Assembly—last held 4 March 1990 (next to be held March 1995); results—RPT is the only party; seats—(77 total) RPT 77

Communists: no Communist party

Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEAO (observer), EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, ENTENTE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS; Chancery at 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4212 or 4213; US—Ambassador Rush W. TAYLOR, Jr.; Embassy at Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lomé (mailing address is B. P. 852, Lomé); telephone [228] 21-29-91 through 94 and 21-36-09

Flag: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy

Overview: Togo is one of the least developed countries in the world with a per capita GDP of about $400. The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides employment for 80% of the labor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings.

GDP: $1.35 billion, per capita $405; real growth rate 4.1% (1988 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1987 est.)

Unemployment rate: 2.0% (1987)

Budget: revenues $354 million; expenditures $399 million, including capital expenditures of $102 million (1988 est.)

Exports: $344 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities—phosphates, cocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm kernels; partners—EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985)

Imports: $369 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities—food, fuels, durable consumer goods, other intermediate goods, capital goods; partners—EC 69%, Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 4%, other 10% (1985)

External debt: $1.3 billion (December 1988)

Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1987 est.)

Electricity: 117,000 kW capacity; 155 million kWh produced, 45 kWh per capita (1989)

Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages

Agriculture: cash crops—coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops—yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum, fish

Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $121 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $46 million

Currency: Communauté Financière Africaine franc (plural—francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates: Communauté Financière Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1—287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Communications

Railroads: 515 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track

Highways: 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads

Inland waterways: none

Ports: Lomé, Kpeme (phosphate port)

Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 41,809 GRT/72,289 DWT; includes 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multi-function large-load carrier

Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft

Airports: 9 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m none with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: fair system based on network of open-wire lines supplemented by radio relay routes; 12,000 telephones; stations—2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth stations—1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE

Defense Forces

Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie

Military manpower: males 15-49, 767,949; 403,546 fit for military service; no conscription

Defense expenditures: 3.3% of GDP (1987) 308