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Rh markets of the world, did all we could to hinder its agricultural, industrial and commercial development, and excited the revolutions that paralyzed it; and it was even believed that we incited the Indians to ravage the northern frontiers, and so (create discontent against the central government. The privileged classes dreaded the inﬂuence of our democratic ideas. The clergy were afraid that Protestantism, or at least free thought might cross the border, and that so far as Mexican territory should fall under our sway, secular education, the confiscation of their property, and the other anti-clerical plans of the Federalists, who appeared to draw their inspiration and their arguments largely from this country, might be put into force. The numerous misunderstandings and clashes with the United States that we have noted had produced an enduring resentment, and in particular our claims and our efforts to have them settled were commonly deemed artificial and unjust.

Behind all these facts lay the general anti — foreign prejudice; and this, we should now observe was in our case more than a prejudice. Even in the eyes of the intelligent El Siglo XIX, an American was "a being detestable to the nation on account of the little accord between [him and] the religion, the language, and the gentle, affable, frank, and generous character of the Mexican." Our directness of thought, speech and action, and the brusqueness of manner that naturally accompanied it appeared inconsiderate and haughty; and no doubt, in dealing with people who seemed to us deceitful, unreliable and unfriendly, our citizens often emphasized these characteristics. In habits and customs there was indeed a profound unlikeness, and below this lay a still more profound racial antagonism. Finally the politicians of all parties, fearing to be outdone in, the display of patriotism, encouraged the anti-American feeling. The sharp and rancorous Tomel used every opportunity to speak against us; and Santa Anna, Whose prestige was immense — it must not be forgotten gas late as 1841, both fearing the inﬂuence of our freedom and wishing his fellowcitizens to consider him essential, represented the United States as a Minotaur eager to devour them. Few were enlightened enough to correct the misconceptions regarding us; no one had the power, courage or wish to do so; and in the end, very naturally, these dominated the public mind — or,