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520 In modern times economic evolution has proceeded pari passu with political. Just as democracy sprang from the reformation, so in Protestant lands and among Protestant peoples was economic development more rapid and more intense than in Catholic countries. Capitalist wealth and capitalist enterprise, the modern economic order, are far more characteristic of Protestant than of Catholic countries.

Socialism, too, is in this sense and to this extent Protestant, inasmuch as German Marxism (building upon Feuerbach) and social democracy have been the philosophical, scientific, and political foundations of socialism as asystem. To a considerable extent, Marxism has replaced other socialistic systems and endeavours, and it has notably influenced these even where it has not replaced them.

Anarchism, likewise, received its philosophic foundations from the thinkers of Protestant countries. The Russian anarchists and those of the Romance lands built upon the work of Feuerbach, Stirner, and Nietzsche. Finally, modern philosophy as a whole is distinctively of Protestant origin, and Kant has quite rightly been designated the philosopher of Protestantism. The Protestant peoples in general are more highly cultured than the Catholic.

The inferiority of Catholicism may also be proved in the domains of literature and art. For modern times, the fact is admitted by Catholic investigators, notably in the case of Germany, a country where the two creeds confront one another in comparatively equal numerical strength. We may say in