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118 problems as the increased cost of living, and the distribution of the refugees from provinces occupied by the Germans.

The following statistical information, given in the "Yearbook for 1915," published by the Petrograd newspaper "Retch," gives an excellent idea of the work done by these two organizations during the past year.

The funds received by the Zemstvo Union up to December 1, 1915, amounted to one hundred and eighty-seven million rubles, of which one hundred and thirty-two millions were given by the government for the care of the sick and the wounded, seven and a half millions were given for the refugees, while thirty millions were paid by the War Department as advance payment on orders. The funds received by the Municipal Union up to August 1, 1915, amounted to thirty-five million roubles, of which thirty-two millions came from the government. The rest of the money was given by separate cities and Zemstvos, or collected as private donations.

The number of hospitals constructed by the two organizations was 3,753, of which the Zemstvo Union built 3,249, while the Municipal Union built 504. The number of beds maintained by the Zemstvo Union was 173,000, those maintained by the city of Moscow numbered 75,000, while the beds maintained by the Municipal Union numbered 76,000. It is interesting to note that the Sanitary Section of the War Department maintained only 160,000 beds, and the Red Cross, 40,000.

The Zemstvo Union operated fifty special trains which transported, up to October 1, 1915, 636,000, who received care for a total of 1,403,000 days. The Municipal Union operated thirteen trains, in which were transported 119,000 wounded, who received care for a total of 303,000 days. At the front, the Zemstvo Union maintained ninety-seven hospitals, one hundred and twenty-one ambulatories, sixty-five medical units for combating epidemics, two hundred store-houses, and over five hundred food stations, supplied with three thousand sterilizers. The barracks for infectious diseases contained, in September 1915, over ten thousand beds. Over twenty-five thousands of wounded were transported in the automobiles, carriages, and carts maintained by the Zemstvo Union. The value of the medical supplies used was two and a half million roubles. The medical personnel of the Zemstvo Union consisted of 6,100 persons, of whom 2,300 were physicians.

The Municipal Union had twenty-three medical units at the font. Its one hundred and eighteen food stations had, by