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 The Beginnings of Hindu Theosophy 247

higher religion. When Hindu theosophy has reached its full growth and has stretched its limbs we ﬁnd that all its various intellectual movements still keep on differing among themselves considerably, to the end, as they did at the beginning. But they are absolutely agreed on one point, namely, their ﬁnal purpose. Their ﬁnal purpose is salvation; release from the endless chain of existences in which death marks the passage from link to link. This salvation can be effected in only one way, namely, profound and genuinely religious appreciation of the identity of one’s own self with the One True Being. This rests upon the twin doctrine of Transmigration and Monism without which India would not be India. The earlier forms of monotheistic and monistic speculation show no Sign of a belief in transmigra- tion. I thought it advisable to let this belief mark the division between the tentative, purely specu- lative philosophy of the earlier time, and the thought of the Upanishads, which is in its essence truly relig. ions. The Upanishads, with all their curvy move ments and through all their ﬂuttering thought, never lose sight of that great purpose of salvation. How came the belief in transmigration in India; how it led to a pessimistic View of life; how Brahma, the One, the Universal, the True, ﬁnally shaped himself from out of the mass of conﬂicting and yet converg—