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nected with the reign of Krishna in Gujarat. (See McCrindle, Ancient India, 161; Imp. Gaz., X, 184; Muller, I, 295.)

53. Mandagora. — This is probably the modern Bankot (17° 59 N., 73° 3' E. ) at the mouth of the Savitri River. The port is closed during the S. W. monsoon. It is now a fishing village of no im- portance, but in former times it was a great center for the trade in teak and blackwood, and for shipbuilding. (See Imp. Gaz., VI, 383; Muller, I, 295.) The name suggests the Sanscrit Mandara-giri. (In Ptolemy the positions of this and the following port are reversed. )

53. Palaepatmae. — This is probably the modern Dabhol (17° 35 N., 73° 10’ E. ), the name being from the Sanscrit Dabhileshwar, a name of Siva. It is of considerable historical importance, being the principal port of the South Konkan. From the 14th to the 16th cen- turies it had an extensive trade with the Persian Gulf and Red Sea ports. Here is the underground temple of Chandikabai, dating from the 6th century. ( Imp . Gaz., XI, 100.)

The name Palapatma is probably the Sanscrit Paripatana — the suffix meaning “town,” while Pari was a general term applying to the Western Vindhya mountains and the coast south of them. (Nundo Lai Dey, Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaval India, p. 68.)

53. Melizigara. — This is placed by Muller and McCrindle at the modern Jaigarh (17° 17" N., 72° 13' E. ), formerly a port of some size, but now little more than a fishing-village. It is not im- possible that it may be the modern Rajapur (16° 34* N., 73° 31' E.), which lies at the head of a tidal creek, and is the only port on this Ratnagiri coast to which Arab boats still trade direct, though vessels of any size cannot approach within three miles of the old stone quay. (See Imp. Gaz., XIII, 379; XXI, 66.)

This is the Sigerus of Pliny — the Melizegyris of Ptolemy.

The name seems to suggest the Sanscrit Malaya-giri, “Malaya hills,” a name which covered the southern part of the Western Ghats. The same name appears in the Male of Cosmas and our Malabar.

53. Byzantium. — This is evidently a corruption. Lassen (III, 6) assumes it to have been a colony of Byzantine Greeks, but there is not the slightest evidence of the existence of such a colony. It is probably the modern Vizadrog (Sanscrit, Vijayadurga; 16° 33' N., 73° 20' E. ), described as being one of the best harbors on the western coast. (Imp. Gaz., XXIV, 310; so Vincent, Muller and McCrindle. )

53. Togarum.— This is probably the modern Devgarh (16° 23' N., 73° 22' E. ) described as “a safe and beautiful landlocked