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There are other explanations of these three names. Fabricius alters both Mambarus and Sandanes to Sanabares, supposing him to have been an Indo-Parthian successor to Gondop hares; McCrindle thinks Sandanes was a tribe-name, and refers to the Ariake Sadinon of Ptolemy. But neither supposition is convincing.

The explanation based on the Puranic lists and the coinage has inherent probability, and is confirmed by the description of political conditions in § 52 of the Periplus, if that be applied to the reign of the Andhra king Arishta Satakarni (44-69 A. D. ), through the medium of his heir-presumptive Sundara, ruling as viceroy at Paithan, and displaying in the Konkans the only show of Andhra authority which would have come under the observation of a Graeco-Roman merchant and shipmaster.

(See A.-M. Boyer, Nahapana et I ere Caka, in Journal Asiatique, July-Aug. , 1897, pp. 120-151; an excellent paper, in which the only matter for criticism is that the inscriptions of the Nabataean Malichas should be thought less trustworthy than the chronology of the Abys- sinian Chronicles, compiled much later. — C. R. Wilson, Proposed identification of the name of an Andhra king in the Periplus , in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, June, 1904; with which the foregoing suggestions are in accord, except as to their sequel. — Vincent Smith, Andhra History and Coinage , in Z eitschrift der Deutschen Morgen land- ischen Gesellschaft, Sept., 1903.— Pandit Bhagvanlal Indraji, The Western Kshatrapas, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1890, pp. 639-662.

- — E J. Rapson, The Coinage of the Mahakshatrapas and Kshatrapas, J. R. A. S., 1899, 357-404; same author, Ancient India, in Nu- mismatic Supplement, J. A. S. B., 1904, p. 227. Col. J. Biddulph, in a note to Mr. Rapson’ s first article, observes that our knowledge of the Satraps is derived solely from their coins, of which the former are undated; that each ruler puts his father’s name on his coins as well as his own; that the dates overlap frequently; and that of the two titles, Mahakshatrapa indicates the monarch, and Kshatrapa the heir-appar- ent. — Vincent Smith, Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta-, also Chronology of Andhra Dynasty, in his Early History, p. 190. — E. j. Rapson, Coins of the Andhra Dynasty, the Western Kshatrapas, etc., British Museum. See also Cunningham, Book of Indian Eras-, Duff, The Chronology of India from the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the 16th Century. )

53. Semylla. — This is the Symulla of Ptolemy, the Chimolo of Yuan Chwang, the Saimur of the early Mohammedan travellers; the modern Chaul (18° 34' N., 72° 55' E.), about 25 miles south of Bombay. The ancient Hindu name was Champavati, and was con-