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148 the order from all others. The ilium is a strong bone firmly united with the two pairs of stout sacral ribs, of which the posterior is the larger. Below, the ilium articulates with the ischium only, to form the acetabulum. In front of the acetabulum it is produced forward to join ligamentously with an anterior process of the ischium, enclosing between them a foramen of considerable size for the passage of the obturator nerve. The ischium is a rather long bone, with a thin, spatulate extremity which joins its mate in a median symphysis. Its anterior process, which may be in part the real pubis, articulates in front with the so-called pubis. This bone is slender, with a thin and dilated anterior extremity which touches, or is closely approximated to, its mate only at its inner anterior corner, and is continuous anteriorly, with a thin but strong plate of fascia joined to the parasternal ribs. With much reason it has long been urged that the anterior projection of the ischium represents the real pubis. In early life it is largely cartilaginous, but becomes fully ossified in the adult. The so-called pubis is probably homologous with the prepubis of the pterodactyls. It has no pubic foramen.

The ilium of the Pterosauria, like that of all bipedal reptiles is produced anteriorly by the sides of the vertebrae, very much so in some forms. The ischium and pubis are closely united into a more or less broad plate, either with a thyroid foramen, as in Nyctosaurus (Fig. 118 ) and Pteranodon, or with a small pubic foramen below the acetabulum, as in Rhamphorhynchus, proving the normal structure of the pelvis, though sutures have not been observed. The prepubes, often called the real pubes, are either paired, as in Pterodactylus, or united in a ventral band, as in Rhamphorhynchus, Pteranodon and Nyctosaurus (Fig. 118 ). They articulated with a tuberosity on the front margin of the pubes and in all probability were continued in front with a ligamentous sheath that enclosed the parasternal ribs. The pubes and ischia meet in a symphysis below, though this has been disputed for some.

As remarkable as the pelvis of the crocodiles is that of the