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 Abu Abu Semedies, 18 books. On the means of preserving Health, 3 books. Canons on Physic, 14 books. On Astronomical Observations, 1 book. On Mathematical Sciences. Of Theorems, or Mathematical and Theological Demonstra- tions, 1 book. On the Arabic language, 10 books. On the Last Judgment. On the Origin of the Soul, and the Eesurreotion of Bodies. Of the end we should propose to ourselves in Harangues and Philosophical Arguments. Demonstrations of the collateral lines in the sphere. Abridgment of Euclid. On Finity and Infinity. On Physics and Metaphysics. On Animals and Vegetables, &c., Encyclopedia, 20 volumes. Abu-Sufyan, 'ri;^ LX'. ^.U the son of Harb, the grandson of Umayya, and great-grandson of 'Abdul-Shams. He was an able and ambitious man, of great wealth and influence, and one of the most persevering and powerful opponents of Muhammad. He was the father of Mu'awiya, the first khalifa of the house of Umayya, and one of the heads of the tribe of Kuraish, to which Muhammad also belonged. When Muhammad took up arms for the propagation of his faith, Abii-Sufyan was made gene- ralissimo of his enemies against him : and after the battle of Badr, he stood very fair for the headship of that tribe. But he was at last convinced (as it seems, by a signal victory gained by Muhammad over his enemies), of the truth of the prophet's pretensions, and was converted in the 8th year of the Hijra, A. D. 629. Abu-Sulaiman Daud, ij-*^}-^ bin-Abul-Fazl bin-Muhammad Pakhr Binakiti, so called from having been born at Binakit, or Finakit, a town in Transoxiana, afterwards called Shahrukhiya. He is the author of the " Tarikh-i-Binakiti." Its correct name in full. length is " Eauzatu uH-l-albab fi Tawarikh-il-Akabir wal-Ansab," t. e. the garden of the learned in the histories of great men and genealogies. It is chiefly an abridgment of the Jami'- ur-Eashidi, and was compiled by the author only seven years after that work in A. D. 1317, 707 A. H., and is dedi- cated to Sultan Abu-Sa'id, the ninth Mughiil king of Persia. The author was a poet as well as an historian, and was appointed by Sultan Ghazan Khan, poet laureate of his court. He died in or about the year 1330 A. D., 731 A. H. Vide Dowson, Elliot's Histy. of India, III, 55.] Abu-Tahir, j^^^ y), of Tortosa in Spain, author of the " Darab-nama", an abridgement of Oriental Biography, containing the Lives of Zuhak, of Darius, of Philip of Macedon, and of Alexander the Great : also Memoirs of Galen and other Greek Philosophers, &c. Abu-Tahir Khatuni, ij^y''^ ^^li, a poet who flour- ished in the 12th or 13th centuries of our era. He is the author of the History of the Saljuki kings, entitled "Ta- rikh-us-Saljuki," and of another work, caUed " Manakib- Tish-Shu'ara." Abu-Talib, V-"^ ■was the father of 'All and the uncle of Muhammad the prophet. He died 3 days before Khadija, the first wife of Muhammad, in August, 619, A. D., aged 80 years. Abu-Talib Husaini, author of the " Tuzuk-i-Timiiri." This work contains an account of the first forty-seven years of the life of Tamerlane, written by himself in Chagh- tai Turkf, and translated into Persian by Abii-Talib, who dedicated it to Shah Jahan. It has been translated into English by Major Charles Stewart. Vide Dowson, III, 389.] Abu-Talib Kalim, j^^t'*^ f'h^ V^^^', whose poetical name was Kalim, was a great poet of Hamadan in Persia, and came to India, the first time in the reign of the emperor Jahangir, and returned home in 1.619 A. D., 1028 A. H. After some years he again visited India in the time of 6 Shah .Jahan, who employed him and conferred on him the title of " Malik-ush-Shu'ara", or Poet Laureate. He was twice weighed against gold and silver, and the amount was given to him as a reward for his poetical talents. He died at Labor on the 19th November, 1651, 15th Zil-liijja 1061 A. H. He is the author of a poem, called "Zafar- nama-i-Shah Jahan," or the conquests of Shah Jahan, and of a DiWiin in Persian. Abu-Talib Khan, ij-^ (Mirza) the son of Haji Muhammad Beg Khan, by descent a Turk, was born at Lakhnau in the year A. D. 1752, 1165 A. H. He was appointed by Mukhtar-ud-daula, the prime minister of Nawab Asaf-ud-daula of Lakhnau, in 1775 A. D., 'Amaldar of Itawa and several other districts situated be- tween the rivers Jamima and Ganges. In this situation he continued for two years ; and after the death of his patron, and the appointment of Haidar Beg Khan to his ofiice, he was superseded, and repaired to Lakhnau, and was allowed by the Nawab 60,000 Es. per annum for his support. After the expiration of one year. Colonel Alex- ander Hanny, having been appointed Collector of Gorakh- pur, requested the Nawab to talce him with him as an assistant, in which situation he continued for three years. He was afterwards employed by jMr. Middleton. the Eesi- dent of Lakhnau, in reducing the rebel raja Balbhaddar Singh, whom, during two years, he frequently defeated and piirsued. At length being surprised in his camp, the raja in endeavouring to make his escape, was killed. Abu-Talib, after this falling in distress for some years, embarked for Europe with Captain Da-v-id Eichardson, a Scotchman, and left Calcutta in February, 1799, Eamazan 1213 A. H. He visited England and other parts of Europe, and was well known in London under the title of the Persian Prince. During his travels he wrote a Journal in which he daily inserted every event, and com- mitted to writing such reflections as occu.rred to him at the moment. On his retimi to Calcutta in 1803, 1218 A. H., having revised and abridged his notes, he published them under the title of " ]Iaasir-ut-Talibf fi Bilad-i- Ifranji." This work was translated by Charles Stewart, and published in London in the year 1814. Abu-Talib died about the year 1806 A. D., 1221 A. H. He is also the author of the " Khulasat-ul-Afkar." Vide Dowson, VIII, 298.] Abu-Talib Mirza, vide Shaista Khan. Abu-Talib, V^'J=y(^i-i, (Shaikh) the father of Shaikh Muhammad 'AH Hazin. He died at Isfahan in 1715, 1127 A. H., and was interred in the cemetery, called Mazar Baba Eukn-uddin, close to the tomb of the learned Maulana Hasan, Shaikh-ul-Islam of Gilan. Abu-Tammam Habib ibn-Aus al-Taijts''^' (-td' i_AAj>. j«l.^^jt^ an Arabian poet. Having arrived in the city of Hamadan, he was received with great distinc- tion by Abul-Wafa bin-Salama. When about to depart, a heavy fall of snow nrade the roads for a long time impassable. Abul-Wafa conducted the poet to his library, and placed it entu-ely at his disposal. Surroimded with these literary treasures, Abu-Tammam forgot liis journey, read the precious volumes with avidity, and devoted his time to the composition of several works. The poetical collection, entitled " Khamsa", was the principal fruit of these researches, and attests the indefatigable attention with which the learned writer had ransacked this rich library. Amongst the other works that he wrote, one is called " Fuhul-ush-Shu'ara". He was bom in A. D. 804, 188 A. H., at Jasim near Damascus, and died in A. D. 845, 231 A. H. Abu-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi, i^-J^'^l V^iyt, vide Mutanabbi.