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 Abu 12 Abu Abu-Ayyub i~>}i^ y^, a companion of Muhammad who had been with him in the hattles of Badr and Uhud, and lost his life in the expedition of Constantinople (A. D. 668, 48 A. H.) in the reign of Mu'awiya, the first Khalifa of the house of Umayya. His tomb is held in such veneration by the Muhammadans, that the Sultans of the 'Usman, or Ottoman, dynasty gird their swords on at it on their acces- sion to the throne. Abu-Bakr, or Aba-Bakr,^^j^t or ^xjU, son of Miran- shah, was killed in battle A. H. 810, A. D. 1407. Abu-Bakr Ahmad bin-'Umar al-Khassaf, ol'^i-'l ^ author of several treatises, known by the name of " Adab-ul-Kazi." Haji' Khalifa speaks very highly of this work. It contains 120 chapters, and has been commented upon by many learned jurists : the most esteemed commentary is that of 'Umar bin-'Abdul- 'Aziz bin-Maja, commonly called Husam-ush-Shahid, who was killed in 1141 A. D. Al-Khassaf died in 874 A. D., 261 A. H. Abu-Bakr Ahmad, son of Husain Baihaki, vide Baihalu. Abu-Bakr Bakalani, ls^^-'^O^"? y^K son of Tayyib. He was of the sect of Imam Malik, and author of the work called " Al-Tauhid," and several other works. He died in 1012 A. D., 403 A. H. See Bakalani. Abu-Bakr Bikandi, a pupil of Abu-' Abdullah Magh- ribi. He liv.ed about the year 900 A. D. Abu-Bakr, j^- J^'j son of Abu-Shaiba, an Arabian author who died in the year 849 A. D., 235 A. H. Abu-Bakr Zangi, t^^^J u^. j^- son of Sa'd, son of Zangi, one of the Atabaks of Persia, who reigned at Shfraz for thirty-five years, and died in the year A. D. 1260, 658 A. H. The celebrated Shaikh Sa'di of Shiraz dedicated his Gulistan to him in 1258 A. D. Abu-Bakr Kattani, Shaikh Muhammed bin-' AK Ja' far, a famous saint, who was born at Baghdad, and died in A. D. 934, A. H. 322.] Abu-Bakr bin-Mas'ud al-Kashani, t5^^^' ^J*"^ IjJ author of the work on jurisprudence, entitled " Badai'." It is also called " Badai'-us-Sanai'." He died in A. D. 1191, 587 A. H. Abu-Bakr, L-t^A^'c^O ^^y^ ^"^yo, (Maulana) surnamed Zain-uddin, a learned Musalman, who died at Taibad on Thursday the 28th of January 1389 A. D., 30th Muhar- ram 791 H. For further notes vide Am Translation I, 366.] Abu-Bakr Muhammad al-Sarakhsi, ^^-^j-Jl li-*^ y}, whose title was Shams-ul-Aimma ; he com- posed, whilst in prison at Uzjand, a law book of great extent and authority, entitled the " Mabsut." He was also the author of the celebrated " Al-Muliit." He died in A. D. 1096, 490 A. H. Abu-Bakr Shadan, ^-"^ (Shaikh) of Kazwin, a celebrated pious Musalman who died at Kazwin in the year 1137 A. D., 531 A. H. Abu-Bakr Shashbani, yJ^V-^-^ j'^^. , a valiant com. mander, born in a village called Shashban in the province of Mazandaran. He was one of the greatest opponents of Amir Timui- in his conquest of Asia. Abu-Bakr Shibli, ^iJ^_^y (Shaikh) a celebra- ted doctor of divinity, born and brought up at Baghdad, but the native country of his parents was Khurasan. This Sufi followed the doctrines of the sect of Imam Malik, and had for his masters Jrmaid and other holj' men of that epoch. He died at Baghdad on Fvidfty, 31st July, 946 A. D., 27th Zil-hijja 334 A. H., aged 87 years. Abu-Bakr Siddik, J^i j'}, the father of 'Ayisha, the wife of Muhammad the prophet, by whom he was so much respected that he received from him the surname of Siddik, which signifies in Arabic " a great speaker of truth," and at whose death, in June 632 A. D., he was elected successor in opposition to 'AH, the son-in-law of the prophet. He supported with energy the new faith, and reduced several of the Arabian tribes who wished to abandon the new doctrines and return to the religion of their fathers. Afterwards, he turned his arms against foreign nations, and by the valour of his active general Khalid, he defeated an army of 200,000 men, whom the Greek emperor Heraclius had sent to ravage Syria. He did not enjoy his victories : a slow fever wasted his vigour, and he died the very day that Damascus was taken ; but before he died he appointed for his successor 'Umar (Omar) the son of Khattab. He had reigned two lunar years three months and nine days, and expired in his 63rd year on Friday the 23rd August, 634 A. D., 22nd Jumada II, 13 A. H. He was buried close to the tomb of Muhammad in Madina. Abu-Bakr Tughluk, O^'^J^.y^, the son of prince Zafar Ehiin, and grandson of Firuz Shah Tughluk, was raised to the throne of Dihli after the assassination of his cousin Ghiyas-uddin Tughluk, in February 1389 A. D., Safar 791 A. H. He reigned one year and six months, after which his imcle Prince Muhammad Tughluk, the son of Firuz Shah, who was at Nagarkot, (Kangra) proclaimed himself king, and proceeded with an army towards Dihli. After some repulses he was victorious, entered Dihli, and ascended the throne in the month of August 1390 A. D., Eamazan 792 A. H. Abu-Bakr who had fled towards Mewat, was taken prisoner on the 29th November of the same year, 20th Zil-hijja, and sent to the fort of Mirath, where he died some years after. Vide Dowson, IV, 20. Abu-Bakr Yahya, dj^^-^^^^i', author of the "Bahjat- ul-Mahafil", or the Delight of Assemblies, containing various anecdotes recorded of Muhammad, the four Kha- lifas, and other illustrious persons, in Arabic. Abu-Darda, ^^J^y^, a companion of Muhammad, who was governor of Syria iu the time of the Khalifa 'Umar. Abu-Daud Sulaiman bin-al-Ash'as, u;^ ojjl^ surnamed Al-Sijistam, author of a " Kitab us-Sunan", which contains 4,800 traditions, selec- ted from a collection made by him of 500,000. It is considered the fourth book of the Sunna. He was bom in 817 A. D., 202 A. H., and died at Basra in 888 A. D., 275 A. H. Abu-Daud Sulaiman bin-'Ukba, cS;^^-*! ^ (^■J v;;l*'jJ-w ,5jl»ij>Jt, surnamed Az-Zahiri. He is the translator and commentator of Euclid in Arabic. He was also the founder of a Svmnl sect, but had few followers, and was called Az-Zahiri, because he founded his system of jurisprudence on the exterior (zdhir), or literal meaning of the Kui'an and the traditions, rejecting the kiyas. He was born at Kufa A. D. 817, 202 A. H., and died at Baghdad in 883 A. D., A. H. 270. Some authors say that he died in 275 A. H. (888 A. D.j. He was a great partisan of Shafi'i,