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 Muliammad 188 Muliammad Muhammad Hashim, «^^, vide Khafi Khan. Muhammad Husain, «>>*^, author of a Per- sian work on Theology called " Akaed Husain." Muhammad Husain Khan, ly'^ -^^^ the present nawab of Kalpf, his title is 'Azi'm ul-Mulk. Muhammad Husain Mirza, Dj"* cJ'*"=' '^>"*^, vide Ibrahim Husain Mirza. Muhammad Husain, Shaikh, liH;'*^^ ^♦ar* ^« Cy-t-»«, -whose poetical name is Shuhrat, was an excellent poet and a physician. He was a native of Arabia, but completed his studies at Shiraz and came to India where he was employed by the prince 'Azim Shah as a physician. In the reign of Farrukh-siyar the title of Hakim-ul-Mu- malik was conferred on him. He went on a pilgrimage to Mecca in the time of the emperor Muhammad Shah, and after his return to India, he died in the month of April, 1737 A. D., Zil-hijja, 1149 A. H., at Dehli. He is the author of a Diwan consisting of 5000 verses. Muhammad Ibn-Alahmar, ^^^1 u>jI <^*'^, or more properly Ibn al-Ahmar, one of the Moorish kings of Granada in Spain and founder of the Alhambra, a celebrated fortress or palace which was regarded by the Moors of Granada as a miracle of art, and had a tradition that the king- who founded it dealt in magic, or at least was deeply versed in alchemy, by means of which, he prociired the immense sums of gold expended in its erec- tion. The name of this monarch, as inscribed on the walls of some of the apartments of the Alhambra, was Abu 'Abdullah, but is commonly known in Moorish history as Muhammad Ibn-Alahmar. He was born in Arjona, ia 1195 A. D., 691 A. H. of the noble family of the Bam !Nasar ; when he arrived at manly years, he was appointed Alcayde or governor of Arjona and Jaen, and gained great popularity by his benignity and justice. Some years afterwards, on the death of Ibn-Hiid, when the Moorish power of Spain was broken into fections, many places declared for Muhammad Ibn-Alahmar ; he seized upon the occasion, made a circuit through the country, and was everywhere received with acclamation. It was in the year 1238 A. D., that he entered Granada amidst the enthusiastic shouts of the multitude. He was pro- claimed king with every demonstration of joy, and soon became the head of the Moslems in Spain, being the first of the illustrious line of Bani Nasar that had sat upon the throne. He caused the mines of gcfld and silver, and other metals found in the mountainous regions of his dominions, to be diligently worked, and was the first king of Granada who struck money of gold and silver with his name, taking great care that it should be skilfully executed. It was about this time, towards the middle of the 13th centiu-y, that he conunenced the splen- did palace of the Alhambra. He retained his faculties and vigour to an advanced age. In his 79th year, he took the field on horseback, accompanied by the flower of his chivalry, to resist an invasion of his territories, but was suddenly struck with illness, and in a few hours ho died vomiting blood, and in violent convulsions. Vide Yusaf Abu 1 Haji. . Muhammad ibn-Husam, ti?-^ uH' '^*^'°> mde Ibn- Husam. Muhammad ibn-Jurir ut-Tabari, ^ CS>^^-'', the son of Jurir, an Arabian author, who died about the year 942 A. D., 330 A. H. Muhammad ibn-Zikaria al-Eazi, k/j tyJl t5^ir't. See Razi. Muhammad ibn-Is-hak, <3^='*' the earli- est biographer of Muhammad the Arabian prophet. He died about the year 151 A. H., fifteen years after the overthrow of the Ummiada dynasty. Muhammad 'Irnad, who flourished about the year 1371 A. D., 773 A. H., is the author of the fol- lowing admii'ed poems: "Misbah ul-Hidaet," "Munis ul-Abrar," " Masnawi Kattiat," and " Muhabbat-nama," vide 'Imad Fakih. Muhammad, 'Imam, vide 'Imam Mu- hammad. Muhammad Is-hak, o^^' cy*!^^, author of the work called " Siar ul-Nabi wa-'Asar Sahaba." Muhammad Isma'il Eukhari, Jj^U«I who is also called Abf 'Abdullah bia-Isma'il al-Bukharf, is the author of the " Sahi'h ul-Bukhari," a book held in the highest estimation, and considered, both in spiritual and temporal matters, as next in authority to the Kuran. It contains 9,880 traditions, selected from 167,000 ; re- cording not only all the revelations, inspirations, actions, and sayings, of Muhammad, but also explaining many of the difficult passages of the Kuran. It relates besides many miracles and anecdotes of the ancient prophets, and other inspired persons. He was born in the year 810 A. D., 194 A. H., and died in the month of June, 870 A. D., Eajab, 256 A. H. He is commonly called Al- Bukharf, which see. Muhammad Isma'il, M o u 1 w i, «>^^'° t^y^y cl^fU^t^ author of the " Sirat ul-Mustakim" or "The True Path," containing an account of the peculiar tenets held by the followers of Say^id Ahmad the modem Muhammadan zealot and reformer, with whose name we have recently become famihar. This work is one of the most important of several treatises which have been composed by that sect. The main object of the author in composing it, was, in the first instance probably to shew his own learning ; in the next, to justify the claims of Sayyid Ahmad, (of whom he was a constant and con- fidential adherent,) as a devotee, gifted with a surpassino- degree of religious capacity and illumination. It makers reference especially, in its explanations and allusions, to the peculiar divisions which prevail in India, among those who aspire to the honors of religious initiation. These are generally numbered as the followers of one or other, of three venerated Pirs, each of whom has given a name to a distinct school or sect ; the first, the " Tarika- i-Kadiria," which traces its origin to 'Abdul Kadir Jila'ni. Another, the " Tarika-i-Chishtia," so called from its founder Khwaja Mo'in-uddfn Chishtf, whose tomb is at Ajmer; the third, the " Tarika-i-Nakshbandia," derived from a Khwaja Baha-uddin Nakshband, a native of Bu- khara. It was one of the peculiar pretensions of Saj-yid Ahmad, that he held himself privileged to be the founder of a school of his own, to which he gave the name of the "Tarika-i-Muhammadia." His book was written some time about the year 1822 A. D., and it is to be remarked, as a new feature in the history of efforts for the propagation of Muhammadanism, or for the reform of its corruptions, how extensively the emissaries of this sect have availed themselves of the press to disseminate their tenets. The "Sirat ul-Mustakfm," the " Takwi'at ul-I'man," the " Hidaet ul-Mominin," and a little tract attached to it, named the " Muzih ul-Kabfr wa'l Bidaa't," and two other tracts, entitled the " Nasihat ul-MusHmi'n," and " Tam- bfh ul-Ghafilin," have all been printed at private presses in Calcutta or at HugH. See Sayyid Ahmad. Muhammad Jani, c5^'^ <><*is:^j author of the work