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 Muhammad 183 Muhammad miles distance. A beautiful view is seen from the roof ; the tomb being at the very end of the city, all the re- markable places present themselves to us, and the eye loses itself in the vast number of cupolas, domes, and minarets crowded together. Conspicuous among these .are seen the fair proportions of the Eauza or tomb of Ibrahim 'Adil Shah. Muhammad Afzal, <y*^j author of the work named " Madmat ul-Aubia." It gives an account of the creation of the world, and a history of all the prophets prior to the birth of Muhammad. Muhammad Afzal, Shaikh, <-^'^' -^-^^ ^V^, son of Shaikh 'Abdur Eahim, a pirzada and native of Ghazipur, who by the command of his mui'shid or spiritual guide, Mi'r Sy3'id Muhammad of Kalpf, fixed his residence at Allahabad where he held a school and passed the remain- der of his life in teaching Arabic and Persian, and mak- ing proselytes. He is the author of several works ; was born on the 28th October, 1628 0. S., 10th Eabf I, 1038 A. H., and died aged 87 lunar years on Friday the 2nd of January, 1713 O. S., loth Zil-hijja, 1124 A. H. His ■ descendants are still at Allahabad. He used " Afzal" for his poetical name. Muhammad Akbar, y^^^ <^*=^, the emperor Akbar is sometimes so called, Muhammad Akbar, j^^^ i^*^, the youngest son of the Emperor Aurangzib A'lamgfr. He rebelled against his father, went to Persia and died there in 1115 A. H. Muhammad Akbar, son of Muhammad Gesii Daraz of Kulbarga. He is the author of a Persian work on Theology entitled " 'Akaod Akbari," containing the principles of the Muhammadau faith. Muhammad 'Ala-uddin bin Shaikh 'Ali al-His- kafi, J-^ liH L^i'^^^ author of the work on Jurisprudence called the Fatawa Durr al-Mukhtar," which is a commentary on the Tanwir ul-Absar, containing a multitude of decisions. Muhammad 'Ali Hazin, i^rO^ ls^^ i^*;^, ^i^e Hazin. Muhammad 'Ali, author of an Insha or col- lection of Letters. Muhammad 'Ali Khan, (^-^-^ c>.^'°, eldest son of Faiz-ullah Khan the Eohela chief of Eampur. He succeeded his father in 1794 A. D. Muhammad 'All Khan, <>*!=^^ Nawab of the Carnatic, was the son of Anwar-uddfn Khan. After his father's death he was confirmed to the government of the Carnatic by Nawab Nasir Jang in 1750 A. D., and placed on the masnad by the assistance of the English. He died aged 78 years, on the 13th October, 1795 A. D.; and his son 'Umdat ul-Umra succeeded him. Muhammad 'Ali Khan, Rohela, cj^=' iJ-^ c>.*s^^ he succeeded his father Faiz-ullah Khun in September, 1794 A. D. to his jagir of Eampur. Vide Faiz-ullah Kliau. Muhammad 'All Mahir, ^aUj ^J.s^ t>43:'=^ vide Mahir, Muhammad 'Ali Khan, e.''^ tj^" <>-».=^, Nawab of Tonk, son of the Pindari chief Ami'r Khan, succeeded his father to the gaddi of Tonk in 1834, and was deposed in 1867 on account of the Lawa massacre. His state came under the immediate control of the Political Depart- ment in the end of 1870 when his son Ibrahim 'AU Khan was installed as Nawab of Tonk. Muhammad 'AH, Mir, <^^-= <^*=^^i^^ of Burhanpur, author of the Mirat-us-Safa."— (See All the Year Sound, Vol. XVIII, p. 157.) Muhammad 'Ali, Viceroy of Egypt. Up- wards of twelve centuries have passed since Egypt feU under the arms of the successful General of the Khalif Omar ; for a little over five centuries it remained in the possession of the successors of the conqueror ; their power was put to an end by the Turkmans in 1171 A. D., and about eighty years afterwards the latter were in their turn expelled by the Mamlooks. The Mamlookg raised one of their own number to the throne, with the title of Sultan, and the dynasty lasted tiU 1517, when the last of the Mamlook Sultans was put to death by the Turkish Sultan Salam, who appointed a Pasha to the government assisted by a council of twenty-four Mam- look beys or chiefs. This state of things lasted till 1798, when the French under Bonaparte landed in Egypt, and after destrojdng the Mamlooks, were themselves attacked and defeated by the British in 1801. After the departure of the British, the country fell into anarchy till it was restored by Muhammad 'Ali, who by the massacre of the remaining Mamlooks made himself master of the situa- tion. The treaty of London in' 1841 made the govern- ment of Egypt hereditary in the family of Muhammad 'AH, and Isma'il 'Pasha is his grandson. Egypt has now ceased to be a province of Turkey. Its ruler has had all the powers of an independent sovereign conceded to him by the Farman which dates from the 8th of June, 1873 A. D. Muhammad was born La 1769, entered the Turkish army, and in 1799 was sent to Egypt at the head of a contingent to co-operate with the British against the French invaders. Here his fine military qualities rapidly developed themselves, and he at length became the Commander of the Albanian Corps d'armee in Egj-pt. He was soon after involved in disputes with the Mamlooks who had long practically ruled Egypt. They were at length entirely exterminated in 1820. He declared him- self independent of the Porte in 1838, and died on the 2nd August, 1849 A. D. He was succeeded by his son or grandson Isma'fl Pasha. Muhammad 'Ali Shah, t5^-= <>^"*, whose former title was Nawab Nasir-uddaula, was the son of Sa'adat 'Ali Khan, Nawab of Audh. He was placed on the throne of Lakhnau by the British, after the death of his nephew, Sulaiman Jah Nasir-uddfn Haidar, on the 8th of July, 1837 A. D., 4th Kabf II, 1253 A. H. at the age of 70 j'ears, and took the title of AbiVl Fatha Moin-uddfn Sultan Zaman Muhammad 'AH Shah. He reigned ex- actly five lunar years, and died at Lakhnau on Tiiesday the 17th May, 1842 A. D., 5th Eabi' II, 1258 A. H!, when his son Suryya Jah Amjad 'AH Shah succeeded him. Muhammad al-Mahdi, L?'*t*^l li^"^, the first thah'f or king of Barbary of the race of the Fatimites. He began to reign in 908 A. D., 296 A. H., and was sup- posed to be a descendant of Husain the son of 'AH and Fatima, whence the race is called Fatimite. His descen- dants conquered Egypt. He died in 933 A. D., 321 A. H., and was succeeded by his son Kaem Biamr-uUah, who died in 945 A. D., 334 A. H., and was succeeded by his son Mansur Billah in 952 A. D., 341 A. H. Vide MaizU-ud-din- Allah. .4