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 Jassas 134 Jawahir Zamathshar, a village in Khwarlzm. He is the author of an excellent commentary on the Kuran called " Kash- shaf," which he wrote in the name of one of the princes of Mecca. He obtained the surname of JaruUah (or neighbour of God) on account of his residing for a long period at Mecca. He was horn in 1074 A. D., 467 A. H., and died in the place of his nativity in the year 1142 or 1144 A. D., 637 or 539 A. H. He is also the author of many other works, such as — Kitah Fasl-dar-Nahr. Asas-ul- Balaghat-dar-Loghat. Eabi-ul-Ahrar. Fasus-ul-Akhbar-wal-Faraez-dar-Hm Faraez. Eaus-ul-Masael-dur-Fika. Sharah Abiat Sebiiya. Mustakazi-dur-Amsal 'Arab. Himam-ul-Arbia. Sawaer-ul-Islam. Shakaek-ul-Na'm&n-wal-Kjstas-dar-uruz. Mu'aj j am-ul- Hadud. Manhaj-dar-Usiil. Mukaddima-al-Adab. Diwan-ul-Tamsil. Diwan-ul-Rasael. Diwan-ush-Shua'ra. Jassas, lJ*^'^'^, surname of Shaikh Ahmad bin-'Ali Eazi, which see. Jaswant Eae, csb ^'j'^'^j a Hindu who was a poet and the author of a Di'wan. His Diwan was found in the Library of Tipu Sultan. Jaswant Rao Holkar, j'^^^Jb '^J-'^, the son of Takojf Holkar, and brother of Kashi Rao, whom he suc- ceeded on the masnad of Indor about the year 1802. He made a rapid incursion into the Doab and committed some ravages, but was defeated and pursued by Lord Lake to the Sikh country as far as the Bias in 1803, and all his territories occupied by a British force. The whole was restored to him at the peace. He became insane in 1806, and Tulshi Baf, his wife was acknowledged re- gent. He died on 20th October, 1811, and was succeeded by Malhar Eao III, his son, by a woman of low birth. Tulshi Bai, however, continued to act as regent. On the 20th December, 1816, a company of armed men seized Tulshi Bai, conveyed her forcibly to the neighbouring river of Sipra, and cutting off her head on the bank, threw the lifeless trunk into the water. Jaswant Singh Bundela, ^i'^i "^^^-^f son of Eaja Indarman. He held a suitable rank in the army in the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir, and died about the year 1687 A. D., 1099 A. H. After his death the zamin- dari of Urcha was conferred on Bhagwant Singh his son, an inftint of four years, with the title of Eaja, but he dying about the year 1693 A. D., 1105 A. H., there remained no one of the family of Eajas Shujan Singh or of his brother Indarman, to succeed him ; upon which the Rani Amar Kunwar, grandmother to the deceased prince, placed on the raj Udaut Singh, who was descend- ed from Madliukar Sah, father to Eaja Bir Singh Deo, which was approved by the emperor, who conferred on him the title of raja, and a suitable mansab. Jaswant Singh, Maharaja, '^'i}'^ ^^^j^, the celebrated raja of Jodhpiir or Marwar, of the tribe of Eathor Eajpiits, who acted so capital a part in the competitions of 'Alamgir and his brother Dara Shikoh whose cause he espoused, and was guilty of great impro- priety. He_ was the son of Eaja Gaj Singh and a descen- dant of Eao Maldeo. Jaswant Singh, subsequently, became one of the best generals of 'Alamgfr, and held the rank of 7000 for several years. He died near Kabul about the 11th December, 1678 A. D., 6th Zil-kada 1089 A. H. He had built a fine house at Agrah on the banks of the Jamna, the surrounding walls of which are still stand- ing, and his followers brought his infant children and hig women who did not burn with him, towards their native country. Orders were sent by the emperor 'Alamgir to conduct them to court, where on their arrival, he insisted on the children being made Musalmans. Upon this the raj put attendants, determined to die rather than submit to this order, fled with their charge towards the raja's territories, and being pursued by the emperor's troops, fought valiantly, and were mostly cut to jjieces, but the women and infants arrived safe at Jodhpiir ; they were, however, compelled to take refuge in the hills and the woods, and on the death of 'Alamgir in 1707 A. D., re- gained their former possession. Ajit Singh, his son, was restored to the throne of his ancestors in the j^ear 1711 A. D., by tho emperor Farrukh-siyar who married his daughter. Ajit Singh was murdered by his son Abhai Singh in 1724 A. D. Jaswant Singh, '^J^^, raja of Jodhpur Marwar, succeeded to the gaddf after the death of his father Takhat Singh in February, 1873 A. D., 1289 A. H. Jaswant Singh, ^^^^ ^ij^^', son of Balwant Singh Maharaja of Bhartpiir. He was born on the 28th Feb- ruary, 1851, and succeeded his father on the 16th of March, 1853 when he was but two years old. Jaswant Singh, Kunwar, '■^-"e- jj^, vide Parwana. Jat, >^''^, a tribe of Hindu labourers who made no figure in the Mughul empire, as a nation, till the reign of 'Alamgir, in whose expedition to the Dakhin, they were first heard of as a gang of banditti, under an intrepid fellow called Churaman. They were then so daring as to harrass the rear of the imperial army. After the death of that mon- arch they took advantage of the growing imbecility of the empire, and fortifying themselves, spread their depreda- tions to the gates of Agrah. Mukham Singh, who after the death of Churaman commanded the Jats, took upon himself the title of raja, but their power increased under Badan Singh and Surajmal. which last was dignified with titles from the emperor. Vide Churaman Jat. Jawad 'Ali, Mirza, Dj"'* c^'^^ ^^ or more properly Prince Mirza Muhammad Jawad 'Ali Sikandar Hash- mat Bahadur, son of Amjad 'Ali Shah, and brother of Wajid 'Ali Shah the ex-king of Lakhnau. He accom- panied his mother, the dowager Queen of Lakhnau, after the annexation of that country to the British possessions in 1856, to England, and died there after the death of his mother, on the 25th February, 1858, aged 30 lunar years. The body of the prince was transferred from London to Paris, to be buried on French soil beside that of the Queen his mother. An immense crowd had assembled to witness the procession, attended by Prince Mirza Hamid 'All, the nephew of the deceased. Jawahir Singh, Jouhar. Jawahir Singh, the Jat raja of Dig and Bhartpur, was the son of Surajmal Jat. He succeeded to the raj after his father's death in December, 1763 A. D., 1177 A. H., was secretly murdered in 1768, and was succeeded by his brother Rao Ratan Singh, who did not escape suspicion of having been accessory to his brother's mm-der. Eatan Singh reigned ten months and thirteen days and was stabbed by a fakir named Eup&- nand, who pretended to transmute copper into gold. Vide Eatan Singh.