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 nisch-staufischen Epoche," in Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen,, pp. 161–90, 223–25, 505 (1886); Haskins and Lockwood, The Sicilian Translators of the Twelfth Century and the First Latin Version of Ptolemy's Almagest, in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, , pp. 75–102 (1910); Haskins, ibid., , pp. 155–166; , pp. 87–105. On the Sicilian origin of the Greek MSS. of the papal library, see J. L. Heiberg, in Oversigt of the Danish Academy, 1891, pp. 305–18; F. Ehrle, in Festgabe Anton de Waal (Rome, 1913), pp. 348–51. The connection of the intellectual movement of the twelfth century with the renaissance under Frederick II is well brought out by Niese, "Zur Geschichte des geistigen Lebens am Hofe Kaiser Friedrichs II," in Historische Zeitschrift, , pp. 473–540 (1912). In general see F. Novati, Le origini, in course of publication in the Storia letteraria d' Italia (Milan, since 1897).

The development of art in the south in this period is treated by A. Venturi, Storia dell' arte italiana (Rome, 1901 ff.),, ch. 3;, ch. 2. See also C. Diehl, L'art byzantin dans l'Italie méridionale (Paris, 1894). For the continental territories there is an excellent account in E. Bertaux, L'art dans l'Italie méridionale (Paris, 1904). There is nothing so good for Sicily, although there are monographs on particular edifices. Diehl, Palerme et Syracuse (Paris, 1907), is a good sketch with illustrations; Miss C. Waern, Mediæval Sicily (London, 1910), is more popular. Freeman has a readable essay on "The Normans at Palermo," in his Historical Essays, third series, pp. 437–76. See also A. Springer, "Die mittelalterliche Kunst in Palermo," in his Bilder aus der neueren Kunstgeschichte (Bonn, 1886),, pp. 157–208; and A. Goldschmidt, "Die normannischen Königspalaste in Palermo," in Zeitschrift für Bauwesen, , coll. 541–90 (1898). Interesting aspects of twelfth-century Palermo are depicted in the Bern codex of Peter of Eboli, reproduced by Siragusa for the Istituto Storico Italiano (1905) and by Rota for the new edition of Muratori (1904–10). Surviving portions of the royal costume are reproduced by F. Bock, Die Kleinodien des heil.-römischen Reiches (Vienna, 1864).