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 tion of the East. The principality of Antioch was the only Norman state in the eastern Mediterranean, and its distinctively Norman character largely disappeared with the passing of Bohemond I and Tancred. Unlike their fellow-Christians of France and Italy, the Normans were not drawn by the commercial and colonizing side of the crusading movement. The Norman lands in England and Italy offered a sufficient field for colonial enterprise, and the results were more substantial and more lasting than the romantic but ephemeral creations of Frankish power in the East, while the position of the Syrian principalities as intermediaries in Mediterranean civilization was matched by the free intermixture of eastern and western culture in the kingdom of Sicily.

The annals of the Norman conquest of southern Italy and Sicily are best given by F. Chalandon, Histoire de la domination normande en Italic et en Sicile (Paris, 1907),. O. Delarc, Les Normands en Italie (Paris, 1883), is fuller on the period before 1073, but less critical. The Byzantine side of the story is given by J. Gay, L'Italie meridionale et l'empire byzantin (Paris, 1904); the Saracen, by Michele Amari, Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia (Florence, 1854–72),. There is nothing in English fuller than the introductory chapters of E. Curtis, Roger of Sicily (New York, 1912). Interesting historical sketches of particular localities will be found in F. Lenormant, La Grande-Grèce (Paris, 1881–84); and F. Gregorovius, Apulische Landschaften (Leipzig, 1877). On the sanctuary of St. Michael on Monte Gargano, see E. Gothein, Die Culturentwickelung Süd-Italiens (Breslau, 1886), pp. 41–111.

No study has been made of the Normans in Spain; for the pilgrim-