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Rh half castle 'gainst the Scot," and the other massive monuments which made 'Norman' synonymous with a whole style and period of English architecture, and southward to those more ornate structures which Norman princes reared at Bari and Cefalù, Palermo and Monreale. "No art—either Greek or Byzantine, Italian, or Arab—" says Henry Adams, "has ever created two religious types so beautiful, so serious, so impressive, and yet so different, as Mont-Saint-Michel watching over its northern ocean, and Monreale, looking down over its forests of orange and lemon, on Palermo and the Sicilian seas."

There is no general account of Norman life and culture in any period of the Middle Ages, and no general study of Norman feudalism. For conditions in France generally, see Luchaire, La société française au temps de Philippe-Auguste (Paris, 1909), translated by Krehbiel (New York, 1912); for England, Miss M. Bateson, Mediæval England (New York and London, 1904). On castles, see C. Enlart, Manuel d'archéologie française, (Paris, 1904, with bibliography), and Mrs. E. S. Armitage, The Early Norman Castles of the British Isles (London, 1912). For William the Marshal, see Paul Meyer's introduction to his edition of the Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal (Paris, 1891–1901); the poem has been utilized by Jusserand for his account of tournaments, Les sports et jeux d'exercice dans l'ancienne France (Paris, 1901), ch. 2.

The work of Delisle, Études sur la condition de la classe agricole et l'état de l'agriculture en Normandie au moyen âge (Évreux, 1851), is a classic.