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 – 21, 30-31.

object which it was founded to promote, and it is often shorter lived. The merging of two or more papers in one,and the control of several papers by a single owner is not a new tendency although specially pronounced at the present time.62

Every new controlling interest that arises in any group of persons quickly finds expression through a new type of periodical.

In England in the first third of the nineteenth century the legis lative restrictions placed on the press a century before gave rise

to radical newspapers that protested against these restrictions.

When the conditions giving rise to this class of newspapers were altered, the newspapers themselves disappeared. If society has been honeycombed with slander, intrigue, and scandal, a dis

reputable press has appeared that has purveyed to all these evil tendencies. Protests against these tendencies have in turn found expression through the press. The People' s Review, says McCabe, in writing of one of Holyoake's ventures, “ was a novel departure even for an age that seemed to have exhausted the possibilities

of journalism. Speaking somewhere of the monthly apparitions of new journals, and their frantic vicissitudes of form, color, size,

price, etc., he (Holyoake) says: 'Like flags carried in battle, they The Globe was started in 1803 by London booksellers and in the course of years it “ absorbed a whole crop of journals.” — J. C. Francis, Notes by the Way, 179- 180. The consolidation of two or more newspapers in America has long been a custom and its frequency is evident in the hyphenated names of many papers. The Louisville Courier -Journal represents the consolidation of

three dailies. — “ Marse Henry," I, 175. Different newspapers in different cities are sometimes controlled by members of the same family.

In 1913 it was asserted that two Berlin firms controlled five-sixths of Berlin 's total output in daily and weekly papers, and that these were the medium for semi-official utterances. - About the same time, shares in the

Lokal- Anzeiger were transferred to a group of firms representing the Kaiser's interests. — New York Sun, November 30 , 1913.

See especially John Mez, “ The Portent of Stinnes," Atlantic Monthly, April, 1922 , 129 : 547–555; H . Brinckmeyer , Hugo Stinnes, pp . 102- 108.

62 O. G. Villard, “ Press Tendencies and Dangers," Atlantic Monthly, January , 1918, 121: 62 –66.

J. A. Spender, writing in the Westminster Gazette on “ The Editor versus the Proprietor, ” notes the present tendency towards few newspapers with enormous circulations and these few controlled by still fewer proprietors.

While there has been a great increase in the number of newspapers sold , it has in reality meant but the multiplication of the same things, without

corresponding increase in brains and ability. - Cited by the Literary Digest, April 13, 1918, 19: 29-30.