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It is again but a step from an open, legitimate use of the

illustration to influence public opinion to the secret use of the illustration for propagandist purposes. More than ever before propaganda has been thus carried on during the recent war,63 and the effort to combat it by one sidehas led to renewed activity

by the other side. Difficult as it is in time of peace to deal with the illustration as historical material, it is manifoldly greater in time of war.64

These difficulties grow in part from the very nature of these forms of expression. The venom inherent in the caricature be comes even more intense, and the humor of the cartoon jars

amid scenes of destruction. The use of the caricature and of the cartoon is limited in time of war by their inherent contradic

tions, - in all countries the cartoonists extol the same virtues and condemn the same faults, and each cartoonist is prone to stand. In the first place, the Continental artist ranges much wider for his game.” — New York Evening Post, June 30, 1913. Francis Stopford states that “ The Cologne Gazette, in a leading article

on Holland, threatens that country that ‘after the War Germany will settle accounts with Holland, and for each calumny, for each cartoon of Rae maekers', she will demand payment with the interest that is due her', " and

at least two Army Corps to the Allies.” — Francis Stopford, “ Introduction ," Louis Raemaekers' Cartoons, 1916. 63 The plan for a campaign by caricature was communicated to the Ger man press by the Wolff News Bureau , — “ It would , therefore, be important

from a patriotic point of view, for the daily papers also to occupy themselves by means of caricatures with the principal events of the day. ” This was specially urged in view of the caricatures of the Kaiser, the Crown Prince , and alleged German militarism and the special inducement was held out that

the blocks would be supplied free of expense. - From the Berner Bund, cited by the Literary Digest, November 3, 1917, 55 : 16. " The camera with a purpose' has come to be ubiquitous. 64 Collections of the cartoons and caricatures of all the warring countries and of neutrals can be found in the great public libraries ; they have been

reproduced in the American and the English weekly and monthly periodi cals, - A History of the War in Cartoons has been published by the New York Times, – Robert de la Sizeranne hasmade an exhaustive study of them under the title “ La Caricature et la Guerre," in Revue des Deux Mondes, June, 1916 . - A discriminating article on the short life of war cartoons is found in

the London Times, October 26, 1916 ; it was written apropos of an exhibition opened in the Whitechapel Art Gallery of the war cartoons of all nations. See also André Blum, “ La Caricature de guerre en France,” Gazette des

beaux-arts, April, 1921, 5. Période, 3 : 235 - 254. In striking contrast to the cartoons of the Great War are the Pictures of Many Wars as given and described by Frederic Villiers, in a volumepublished in 1902.