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others to ignorance,43 and still others to inadvertence to which no blame could be attached.44 Other errors must be explained by the mechanical difficulty of making corrections after the

block has left the hand. Some errors are due to the temptation

of the illustrator to see an event as he wishes it to be seen or as he thinks would produce a striking or artistic effect,45 and

others can only be explained by the mental slovenliness that is willing, in deference to a real or supposed popular demand for

illustration, to make pictures from insufficient data .46 At an 43 “ He ( X . Khan ) was amused at Pan- Islamic agitation made in Ger many, and described a proclamation lately sent to India with a photogravure portrait of the Skeikh -ul-Islam, clad in a stiff shirt and wearing a starched collar ; the idea of this seemed ludicrous, as both the image and the dress

were anathema to true believers.” — Lewis Einstein, Inside Constantinople During the Dardanelles Expedition, p. 65.

After the Republican party in 1884 nominated J. G. Blaine for the presidency, the Independents supported Cleveland. Judge in a cartoon, July , 1884, figured Roosevelt as one of the Independent Army, but incorrectly since he supported Blaine. The cartoon is reproduced in A. Shaw, A Cartoon History of Rooseveli's Career, p. 12. 44 William Simpson was sent to Rome to illustrate the meeting of the Vati

can Council in 1869. At the opening of the Council, each Bishop, as he walked up thenave of St. Peter's,knelt at the confessional of St. Peter before the high altar. This the artist introduced into the picture and represented

the Bishop shown as wearing his mitre on his head. But on account of the

crowd, he could not see the Bishopswhen on their knees, and as they passed into the Chamber afterwards they had their mitres on. After the sketch was

published, he was told that a rule of the Church required every one to un cover his head , since the Blessed Sacrament was exhibited at the time on the high altar and that it was to it they knelt and prayed. -- Autobiography, p. 232. The illustration is given in the Illustrated London News, December 25, 1869 . 45 Leech drew for Punch , November, 1849, a representation of the opening

of the coal exchange in which Queen Victoria figures as being presented with a “ black diamond. "

The Queen, however, was not present. - H. W. Lucy ,

The Queen and Mr. Punch, No. XIV. 46 A popular book of illustrations of the war, dated 1914, has nearly two hundred illustrations selected from a pictorial newspaper. They are variously described as photographs, paintings, drawings, impressions, sketches, visions, drawings from notes, drawings from photographic material and notes , drawings from notes by an eye witness, drawings from descriptions, drawings from sketches on the spot, drawings by A roughly finished by B, drawings

by C from sketches by D, and paintings from descriptions by eye witnesses. It is almost inevitable that material thus hurriedly gathered and published should be filled with errors.

The New York Daily Graphic for Tuesday, March 15, 1881, had an illus tration purporting to be of “ the sixth and successful attempt on the life of the Emperor of Russia last Sunday afternoon, ” and notes that it is " from a

telegraphic sketch by our special correspondent in St. Petersburg ." Still earlier, the New York Tribune had an illustration of a shooting match in Dublin, between an American rifle corps and English volunteers ,