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decorated borders, cartoons, caricatures, photographs or sketches of persons, places and commercial articles, charts, plans, working

drawings, puzzles, rebuses, photogravure special sections, and the decorative cover. Graphic representation is usually confined

to the weekly, monthly , or quarterly periodicals, although oc

casionally it is found in the daily paper.25 Maps that illustrate military campaigns, explorations of previously unknown terri tories, and new boundary lines arranged by treaties are being given great space. All of these forms of illustration are coming to be a more and more important part of the newspaper in that they make the text clearer, tell a story independently of the

written text, give specific information on technical matters that would otherwise be incomprehensible to the laity, clarify obscure situations, and elucidate complex subjects. But they may be con sidered subsidiary forms of illustration and they are therefore of less importance to the historian than are the four great classes of

illustrations that may be grouped by themethod of making them and the use to which they are put. He is specially concerned with the drawing or sketch, the photograph, the caricature, and the cartoon. The sketch is now practically limited to illustrating fashions

in clothing and furniture or otherobjects that can not be protected

by copyright or patent,and it is also often used where specially artistic effects are desired. It is thus most frequently found in the advertising columns. The photograph is largely used to show distant places, in dividuals prominent for any and every reason, animals or objects conspicuous in exhibitions, machinery or scientific apparatus and it is thusmost often used in the news columns or on the pages devoted to society affairs. The caricature 26 has always been an instrument of satiric , 25 Charts showing weather indications have come to be an important fea ture. H. Blackburn says that the first weather chart in an English daily paper was printed in The Times in 1875. “ The Illustration of Books and

Newspapers,” Nineteenth Century, February, 1890, 27: 213-224. But see supra, p. II, Note 30. A good discussion of the value of the graph to business men may be found in the New York Times, September 11, 1921.

26 The literature of caricature is extensive. M. H. Spielmann gives a gen

eral bibliography of the subject in connection with his article on “ Cari cature ,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 5 : 3