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while the English spirit is more deliberately logical and “ asks something beyond this of theman who tries to reason with it in a picture.” Hence the artist approaches his subject “ by means of a fable, a parable, an allegory, something that will stand the test of argument and comparison. ” In America, the idea of the cartoonist long " was simply to express in drawing a figure of speech - and themore realistically the better.” The characteristic

of the German school has been that it “ carries the art and mys tery of cartooning far beyond any of its rivals. ” 22 An examination of the typical illustrated periodicals that are conclusions are justified. Le Journal amusant and L 'Illustration ,

the Illustrated London News, Harper 'sWeekly, and Kladderadatsch all show distinct national traits. The French have emphasized

the caricature, the English the cartoon, Americans the illustration pure and simple, and the Germans a special form of cartoon. Similar distinctions are found in the corresponding classes in different countries, - Puck and Life, Punch, and the Fliegende Blätter are all combinations of the cartoon and the caricature, but it would be impossible to mistake the illustrations of any of them and attribute them to another source.

During the recent war these national characteristics were specially pronounced. They show national differences in work manship, in object, in method of treatment, and in underlying spirit. The German cartoons have shown most prominently the spirit of hatred towards England, the English cartoons have

seemed to indicate a “ grin and bear it ” spirit, the Dutch cartoons

show a hatred of oppression, while the French disposition has been indicated by calm endurance.23 Corresponding national characteristics and differences are evident in the cartoons, cari catures, and illustrations that have been collected from every nation on the globe. Yet all illustrations of the war have had certain features in common, - all have caricatured the caricatures of other countries ;

all have at times satirized themselves; all have exalted the same 22 H. C. Bunner, Introduction to A Selection of Cartoons from Puck by

Joseph Keppler. 23 Compare H. P. Adam, ed ., International Cartoons of the War.