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Barnabites Baroniusa educated at Padua and a physician by profession; ordained priest, 1528; d. 1539), with the help of his friends, Giacomo Antonio Morigia and Bartolo- meo Ferrari, and two priests, Francesco Lucco and Giacomo Caseo. The region was then suffering severely from the wars between Charles ¥ and Fran- cia I, and the purpose was stated in the constitution to be the promotion of a love of divine service and the true Christian life by means of preaching and the frequent administration of the sacraments. The original and official name was Clerici regulares S. Pauli decoliati, which is found in the brief of Clement VII (1533) confirming the congregation as well as in the edict of Paul IIE (1535) which exempted the society from episcopal jurisdiction. In 1538 the grand old monastery of St. Barnabas by the city wall of Milan was given to the congrega- tion as their main seat, and thenceforth they were known as the Regular Clerics of St. Barnabas. After the death of Zaccaria they were favored and protected by Archbishop Carlo Borromeo of Milan and later by Francis of Sales because of their suc- cessful missionary work in Upper Italy, They entered France under Henry IV in 1608, and Austria under Ferdinand II in 1626. In the last-named country they still have six monasteries, the chief being at Vienna. In Italy their houses are larger and more numerous (twenty in all), and that con- nected with the Church of S. Carlo a’ Catanari in Rome is the most prominent and richest. The Order can boast of eminent scholars, as Gavanti, Niceron, Gerdil, Lambruschini, and Vercellone in the past, and Savi, Seweria, and others in the prea- ent. O. Zockierf.

Bisurocararay: Helyat, Ordres monastiquer, iv, 100-1186; Ki, i, 2030-34; J. Hergenrdther, Allgemeine Kirchen- geachichte, iii, 276-277, Freiburg, 1886; Haimbucher, Grden und Kongregationen, i, 400, 819-520, ii, 286 eqq. On the life of the founder consult F, 8. Bianchi, Breve vita . Af. Zaccaria, Bologus, 1874.

BARNARD, JOHN: Congregational minister; b. at Boston Nov. 6, 1681; d. at Marblehead Jan. 24,1770. He was graduated at Harvard in 1700; accompanied the expedition to Port Royal sa chaplain in 1707; was ordained minister at Marble- head in 1716, where he developed a great activity both for the moral and the material welfare of hia flock. He published A New Version of the Psalms of David (Boston, 1752), and some sermons which show sn incipient deviation from Calviniam. Brsuoenarny: His autobiography, written in his 86th year, is published in the Collections of the Afassachusetio

Historical Sociely, 3d series, vol, vy, Boston, 1836.

BARNES, ALBERT: Presbyterian; b. at Rome, N. ¥., Dee. 1, 1798; d. at West Philadelphia Dec. 24, 1870. He was graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y¥., in 1826, and at Princeton Theo- logical Seminary, 1823; was ordained pastor of the Presbyterian chureh at Morristown, N. J., 1825; was pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Phila- delphia, 1830-67, when be resigned and was made pastor emeritus. He was an advocate of total abstinence and the abolition of slavery and worked actively in the Sunday-school cause. In 1835 he was brought to trial for heresy by the Second Presbytery of Philadelphia upur ten specifications (given in E. H. Gillett, Heatory of ihe Presbyerim Church, revised ed., ii, Philadelphia, no.d., pp. 473- 474), but was acquitted. Appeal was then made w the Synod of Philadelphia (1835) and he was sus- pended from the ministry until he should repent of his errors. He appealed to the General Assembly of 1836 and the decision of the Synod was reversed, The agi- tation still continued and the trial was one of the active causes of the disruption of the Presbyterian church in the United Statea in 1837 (see ParserTERIANS) and Mr. Barnes was a leader of the New School party; yet he lived to rejoice in the re union in 1870. His Notes on the entire New Testa- ment and on portions of the Old (Votes E. and Practical on the New Testament, 11 vols., Phia- delphia, 1832-53; revised edition, 6 vols., New York, 1872; Isaiah, 2 vols., 1840; Job, 2 vols. 1844; Daniel, 1883; The Book of Paaims, 3 vols., 1868), designed originally for his congregation in Philadelphia, were eminently fitted for popular use and more than one million copies were sold; they are not original, but show much patient and conscientious labor. Other publications were Scriptural Viewa of Slavery (Philadelphia, 1846); The Church and Slavery (1857); The Atonement in tts Relation to Law and Moral Government (1859); The Way of Salvatson (1863); Lectures on the Ev dences of Christianity in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1868); Prayers for the Use of Families (1870); Zije at Taree Score and Ten (1871).

BARNES, ARTHUR STAPYLTON: Roman Catholic; b. at Kussouli (20 m. s.w. of Simla), India, May 31, 1861. He was educated at Eton (1874-77), Royal Military Academy, Woolwich {1877-78}, and University College, Oxiord (B_A., 1883), and was s lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in 1877-79. He later atudied theology and was ordained to the Anglican priesthood. In 1889 he became vicar of St. Ives, Hunta, with Woodhurst and Oldhurst, and was vicar of the Hospital of St. Mary and St. Thomas, Ilford, from 1893 to 1895, when he entered the Roman Catholic Church. He then studied at Rome for the priesthood and was engaged in diocesan work at Westminster until his appointment as Roman Catholic chap- lain to Cambridge University. He has also been a Private Chamberlain to the Pope since 1904. In addition to numerous briefer studies, he has written The Popes and the Ordinal (London, 1896) and St. Peter at Rome (1899).

BARNES, ROBERT: Church of England; b. at or near Lynn (26 m. ne. of Ely), Norfolk, 1540; d. at the stake as a Protestant martyr, London, July 30, 1540. He studied at Cambridge, where he became an Augustinian friar, and at Louvain, where he proceeded doctor of divinity. Returning to Cambridge, he rose to be master of the house of the Augustinians, In 1526 he began to advocate Protestant views with great boldness, and so quickly got into trouble. Though treated leniently he was imprisoned from 1526 to 1528, when he escaped to the Continent, where he lived till 1531, and called him- self Antonius Anglus. He enjoyed the friendship of the German Reformers. In Wittenberg in 1530 he published his first book, a collection of passages