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Rh have a Gerundive, ūtendus is found because ūtŏr once took an Acc.; so frŭendŭs, pŏtiundŭs, etc. paenĭtendŭs to be regretted, pŭdendŭs to be ashamed of, are irregularities.

§ 364. As already said, the Participles express time relative to that of the leading Verb.

The Present Participle expresses an action still going on. The Perfect expresses an action that is finished; but it is often to be translated by an English Present Participle, the English idiom being less exact than the Latin.

§ 365. There being no Present Participle Passive, its place is supplied by using a Dependent Sentence.

§ 366. There being no Perfect Participle Active except in Deponent Verbs, either (a) A Dependent sentence, or

(b) The Perfect Participle Passive is used instead.

§ 367. The Participle and its Noun often go so closely together as to form one idea, which is expressed in English by means of a Verbal Noun.