Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/943

* ZURICH. 805 ZUYDEB ZEE. astronomical observatory. The cantonal hospital, an orphan asylum, and numerous oilier charitaljle institutions are found here. Zurich is tlic most important commercial and manufacturing city of Switzerland. Its chief product is silk, hut it produces also large quantities of cotton {;oods and machinery. Pianos, paper, soap, and eandh-s are also manufactured. The population, in lltOl, was 152,942, nearly all Gcrman-si)eaking Prot- estants. The district which now forms the canton of Zurich passed from the rule of the Romans to that of the Alemanni about the l)eginning of the fifth century. About a century later the Alemanni were subdued by the Franks. After the partition of the Frankish dominions in the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the district was in- cluded in the Kingdom of Germany. The town of Zuricli early became prosperous as the seat of richly endowed ecclesiastical foundations and early in the thirteenth centurj-, after luiving been for a time. under the rule of the House of Zilh- ringen (q.v. ), appears as a free imperial city. The peoples of Zurich allied themselves with Sehwyz and I'ri in 1291, and in 1351 their State became a canton of the Swiss Confederation. Zw'ingli began here his reformation in 1519. Zurich was the scene of a battle on September 25-26, 1799, between the French under MassCna and the Russians under Korsakoft', in which the former were victorious. The Treaty of Zurich between Austria, France, and Sardinia was signed on November 10, 1859. By its terms Vic- tor Emmanuel II. acquired Lombardy, with the exception of ^Mantua and Peschiera. ZURICH, Lake of. A lake of Northern Switzerland, chiefly within the canton of Zurich, but bordering in its southeastern part on the cantons of Saint Gall and Schwj-z (Map: Switz- erland, CI). It is crescent-shaped and very elongated, with a length of 25 miles and a maxi- mum width of 21-2 miles, narrowed in one place to less than one mile, it has a depth of 470 feet, receives the Linth at its southeastern end, and discharges into the Aar through the Limmat. Its banks rise in gently sloping hills covered with vineyards and dotted with numerous villages, and the scenery, though not grand, is very charm- ing. ZURICH, UxiVERSiTT OF. A Swiss university founded in 1832. In 1833 it opened with an at- tendance of 163 students. Its endowment amounts to over one million and a half francs. As early as 1860 women sought admission to the dift'erent faculties, and in 1872 a law was passed legalizing their attendance. Since 1892 women have been allowed to teach in the uni- versity. In 1902 the university consisted of the following faculties : ( 1 ) Theology ; ( 2 ) Law ; (3) Medicine; (4) Veterinary Medicine; (5) Philo.sophy, the last divided into the sections of philosophy-philology and mathematics-natural sciences. The university had in 1902 an attend- ance of over 900 students and liearers. The uni- versity library, including the city, canton, law, and medical libraries, contains over 250,000 vol- umes and several thousajid manuscripts. ZURITA Y CASTRO, thoo-re'ta e kas'tr6, Jeko.mmu ije (1512-80). A Spanish historian, born at Saragossa. He was sent in 1543 by the Inquisitor General on a mission to the Emperor Cliarles V., then absent in Germany, was made a secretary to the inquisitor in 1547, and in 1548 was nominated contador general of the Inquisi- tion in Aragon, and also historian of the king- dom. In the meantime he began pulilishing liis monumental Anrih's de la corona dc Ardijon (C vols. 1562-80). This worlc was remarkable for its departure from the old uncritical metliod of the chroniclers. It was reiidited in 1585, 1610, and 1669. Zurita publislied also indices Reruin iib Aragonirr Herjibnn Gcstiirunt nh Imliis Rcfiiii ad Annuiii MCDX. (1578 and 1582. including an ac- count of tile Normans in Sicily). ZUR STRASSEN, tsur striis'sen, Mei.ciiioe ( 1832-96) . A Gcrnuiu sculptor, born at Minister, Westphalia. As a pupil of Irahof at Cologne he attracted (1853) by some sterling work in high relief the attention of Ranch, who took him into his studio in Berlin. There he settled after hav- ing spent six years in Rome, and among other works executed twentj'-eight medallion portraits of "Celebrated Men of Science," for the library of the Rathaus, and the group of "King William and the Crown Prince on the Battleiield of IvJnig- griitz." In 1870-75 he was professor at the School of Arts in Nuremberg, and later at the Academy of Leipzig, where the statues of Rem- brandt and Rubens, in the Museum, and those of "Frederick the Warlike." Maurice of Saxony, Lessing, and Goethe are of his workmanship. For the new museum at Linz, LTpper Austria, he de- .signed a frieze, representing the "Progi-ess of Culture in Upper Austria from the Earliest Times to its Occupation by the House of Haps- burg." and ten statues. ZUTPHEN, zut'fen. A town in the province of Gelderland, Netherlands, situated at the con- fluence of the Berkel and the navigable Yssel. 19 miles by rail northeast of Arnheim (Map: Netherlands, E 2). Portions of the medi;pval fortifications may still be seen. The twelfth century Gothic church of Saint Walpurgis well merits attention. The old chapter house has a small but valuable library dating from mediaeval times. There is an active trade in grain, but the chief trade is in the timber floated down the rivers from Southern Germany. Zutphen has some tanneries and manufactures of textiles, and there are paper and oil mills. Population, in 1899, 18.381. North of Zutphen is the interest- ing and successful Nederlandsch ilettray, a Prot- estant agricultural and reformatory colony for boys, founiled in 1851. It is supported by pri- vate contributions. ZUYDER ZEE, zoi'der za, or ZUIDER ZEE. A large arm of the North Sea, pcnel rating deeply into the northwestern part of the Netherlands ( Map : Netherlands, D 2 ). It- consists of an oval inner portion 44 miles long and about 30 miles broad, separated by a strait about ten miles wide from the horn-shaped outer portion, which in turn is separated from the North Sea by the line of sandy islands consisting of Texel, Vlie- land, Terschelling, and Ameland. Northeast of Ameland the sea is connected by the shallow- channel known as the Wadden with the estuary of the Ems. The total area of the sea, includ- ing the Wadden. is 2027 square miles. The largest river flowing into it is the Yssel, an arm of the Rhine. The Zuyder Zee was originally an inland lake, the outer portion being dry land