Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/942

* ZTJRBARAN. 804 ZURICH. picting the three remarkable scenes, now in the Seville Museum, "Saint Bruno Conversing with Pope Urban II.," "Saint Hugo Surprising the ilonks at an Unlawful Feast in the Refectory," and "The Virgin Extending Her Mantle Over a Group of Carthusian Monks." For several other convents and churches he painted a number of pictures, the most notable of which is the "Cruci- fixion" (1627), in San Pablo, extolled for its wonderful plastic efl'ect. Before 1G33 Zurbaran was appointed painter to the King. Summoned to the Court of ^ladrid by Velazquez, in 1650. bj' desire of Philip IV., Zurbarin was employed to decorate a room in the palace of Buonretiro with the "Labors of Hercules," now in the Madrid Museum, and stood in high favor at Court to the time of his death. Besides his works in the Seville Mxiseum, which are undoubtedly his finest, there m.ay be noted a large "Adoration of the Kings" in the Cathedral of Cadiz: "Two Episodes in the Life of San Pedro Xolasco," and an ex- quisite "Infant .Jesus Asleep on a Cross," in the Madrid Jluseum ; a kneeling "Franciscan Hold- ing a Skull," in the Louvre; "Saint Bonaventura and Thomas Aquinas," in Berlin; and "Saint Bonaventura Elected Pope," in Dresden. Others are to be found in most of the great galleries of Europe. Zurbaran is especially the painter of monks, whom he depicted with as much relish as did Titian the Venetian noble or Vandyck the English gentleman. Yielding precedence only to Velazquez and !Murillo, he stands in the front rank of Spanish painters. Consult Stirling, Annals of the Artists of Spain, ii. (London, 1848). ZURICH, zwj'rlk (Ger. Ziirich). A canton of Switzerland, bordered on the north by Baden and the Canton of ScUaffhausen, on the east by Thurgau and Saint Gall, on the south by Zug and Schwj'z, on the west by Aargau (Map: Switzerland, CI). Area, 666 square miles. The northern part of Zurich is mostly undulating. The southern part is traversed by several parallel ranges of mountains running from nortliwest to southeast and inclosing deep and narrow valleys. The canton belongs to the basin of the Rhine and is watered by the Thur, the Tiiss, and the Sihl. It comprises a large part of the Lake of Zurich. The soil is not ver.y fertile, but is carefully culti- vated and supplies about one-half of the cereals needed for domestic consumption. The vine is cul- tivated extensively in the northeastern as well as in the lake region. The manufacturing industries have attained in Zurich a very high degree of development and give occupation to about 50 i)er cent, of the popuhition. Especially developed are ■ihe cotton and silk industries, but the manufac- tures of machinery, paper, leather, straw goods, and embroideries are also important. The gov- ernment of Zurich is democratic. The legislative power is vested in the legislative assembly, elected in the ratio of one member for every 1500 in- habitants. The executive council is also elected directly. The initiative and referendum are in force. " Population, in 1888, 3.37.183; in 1!)00, 431,036, almost entirely composed of German- speaking Protestants. Capital. Zurich. ZURICH. The capital of the Canton of Zurich, and the largest city in Switzerland, situ- ated at the northern end of Lake Zurich, 25 miles Tiortli-northeast of Lucerne (Map: Switzer- land, C 1). Altitude, 1506 feet. Zurich is rapidly growing in size and in financial impor- tance, and is much frequented by foreigners. The site is e.xceptionall.y attractive. The beautiful lake, the richly gardened shores, and the snow- crested Alps in the background, afford a great variety of inspiring scenery. The Limmat, which discharges from the lake, separates the larger town on the right — the Grosse Stadt — from the smaller on the left — the Kleine Stadt. Bor- dering the latter on the northwest is the Sihl, a small stream which empties into the Limmat within the city. The old, traditional town, with its narrow, steep streets and its high, dark houses, lies on both banks of the Limmat. The rest of the city has spacious thoroughfares and splendid build- ings. The lake quays in the Kleine Stadt are very attractive. Near their northern end is the fine Tonhalle, a popular modern concert build- ing and pleasure palace. In the vicinity of their southern end is the beautiful Belvoir Park. Near the Tonhalle, the stately main street of the city — the Bahnhofstrasse — leads from the lake north to the railway station. The bridges are striking. Adjacent to the fine iliinster Bridge is the Was- serkirche, on the right bank, containing the city library with 130.000 volumes, and over 5000 manuscripts. It preserves many valuable objects, including the Codex Vaticanus. The Gross- miinster, dating from the eleventh century, is close by. It is Romanesque, with Gothic fea- tures. Zwingli was pastor of this church, and his statue stands here. Farther north is the Rliden, with the national educational exhibition and the Pestalozzi cabinet. The modern Catho- lic Church of Our Lady is a magnificent basilica. The Church of Saint Peter holds the tomb of Lavater, who was its pastor. The town hall, in German Renaissance, dates from 1694. The new post-office is imposing, and there is an elegant new theatre. The university and the famous federal polytechnic with their numerous institu- tions, laboratories, and clinics are in the north- ern part of the Grosse Stadt. The splendid poly- technic building was erected in 1861-04 from designs by Semper. Toward the south is the KUnstlergut, with some good pictures of the local Artists' L'nion. On the tongue of land, formed by the con- fluence of the two rivers, are the decorative grounds of the Swiss National Museum. The Platz Promenade is here — a majestic avenue lined with trees, and bordering the Limmat. The museum is of great interest. The magnificent edifice, in mediawal style, dates from 1808 and is filled with historical and art-industrial objects from all ages. It is the chief museum of Switzer- land. Its collection of stained ghiss is consid- ered the best in the world. The finest excursion from Zurich is that to the Uetlilierg, a few iiiilos southwest of the city. It is the northern peak of the Albis chain. The view from the top, which is reached by a railway, is of surpassing loveli- ness. In addition to the university (q.v. ) and the I'dlyti'i-linic (which lias about 1500 students and liearers). Zurich ]iossesses a gymnasium, an in- dustrial scliool with a museum, an agricultural school, a school of forestry, the cantonal liigli school, an cthnogrn]iliica! muscMim, a botanic gar- den with a fine collection of Alpine plants, and an