Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/937

* ZORRILLA Y MORAL. 99 ZRINYI. a favorite of the Spanish race that a performance of it has become a necessary element of a na- tional celebration. The autlior, however, de- tested this ])roduet of his own genius, and he showed his contempt for it by working it over into zarzuela or vaudeville. Consult the Oini.s' dniindlicus y Hrivnfi ilc D. Jos6 Zorrilld (JIadrid. ISll.i) and the biography by I. Fernandez Florez, pulilished with the drama Traidor in Novo y Colson's .1 iitorcK dramdticos co)ilcmpord)icos, vol. i. (Madrid, 1881). ZOS'IMUS ( Lat., from Gk. Zaai/jiOi) . A Greek historian wlio lived in the time of the Emperor Anastasius I. (a.d. 491-518). His history is still extant in six books, dealing with the history of the Roman Empire to the caijture of Rome by Alaric, a.d. 410. Inasmuch as Zosimus's work is a continuation of that of his predecessor Dexippus, the earlier history to the year 270 is sketched briefly in the first thirty-six chapters of the first book. The rest of the period is treated in detail. From internal evidence it seems clear that the work was com- posed after 501. Of the details of Zosimns's life nothing is known, but he shows himself a thorough-going Roman and finds the cause of the decline of Rome's power in the neglect of the earlier faith of the Romans which attended the progress of Christianity. As a ]iagan he as- sails the various Christian emperors, especially Constantine, with great severity. His work is our chief source for the history of the fourth century, and on the whole may be trusted. It also contains many valuable notices of the ear- lier period, one of the most important of which is the account of the secular games of Augustus in the second book. The history was freely excerpted by Constantine Porphyrogenitus. It is best edited with a prolegomena by Mendelssohn (Leipzig, 1887). On the characteristics of Zosi- mus, see Ranke, Weltgeschichtc, vol. iv. (Leip- zig, 1883). ZOS'IMtrS. Pope. 417-18. He was a Greek by birth. The main interest of his pontificate lies in his relation to the Pelagian controversy. The African liishops had condemned the opin- ions of Pelagius, and this Judgment had been ratified by Pope Innocent. In the interval, how- ever, Pelagius appealed to the Pope; and his disciple, Celestius, came in person to Rome, ■where he presented a confession of faith in his own justiiication. Zosimus, having convoked a council of bishops and submitted this to them, was induced by the specious explanations of Celestius to suspend judgment, and even to write to the African bishops, recommending a reconsideration of the case. On further examina- tion of Celestius, Zosimus became aware that he had been deceived ; and even before the reply of the African liishops, confirmed and renewed their original condemnation of the Pelagian doc- trine. His letters, which are curious and inter- esting, are found in Migne, Patrologia Latina, xx. ZOSTEBOPS. See Wiiite-Ete. ZOUAVES. A body of troops in the French Army whose organization dates from 18.30, when two battalions were formed by General Clausel from a tribe of Kabyles dwelling in Algeria, The name of the tribe was Zouaoua, which in French gave rise to the term zouave. The or- ganization of these triliesmen as a part of the French Army was brought about to establish a friendly feeling between them and the conquerors, and inasmuch as they had been for years mercenary soldiers, they were considered an im- portant addition to the army. French officers were [ilaced in charge and a certain nunilier of French soldiers were included in the coiiipanies, which were formed into two battalions. The mingling of the Frcneli and natives did not prove satisfactory, and after 18li!) none of the latter were recruited, though regiments of Algerian tirailleurs were subsequently (1842) formed. The Moorish costume originally adopted w'as re- tained, and the zouaves, who were recruited from veterans of exceptional physique and cour- age, achieved a high reputation, serving not only in Africa, but also in the Crimea, Italy, Alexico, and more recently in Tunis and Tongking, The zouaves accordingly became an integral part of the French Army and are now organized into four regiments of five battalions each, divided into four companies, the total strength being somewhat in excess of 13,000 men. The Papal or Pontifical zouaves, under the command of Gen- eral Lamorici&rc, served in Rome from ISliO to 1870, and played an important part in resisting the Italian occupation of Rome, In the United States during the Civil War a number of North- ern volunteer regiments adopted the zouave uniform and were known as zouaves. Many of these organizations acquired great proficiency in drill and gave exhibitions throughout the Northern States. ZRINYI, zre'nye, Mikl^.? (Nicholas), Count (1508-06). A famous Hungarian general, de- scended from the old Slavic family of SuVii? who, in 1347, had adopted the name of Zrinyi from Castle Zrin in Croatia. He distinguished himself at the siege of Vienna (1529) and afterwards in the campaigns against .John Zfijxilya and Sultan Solyman. Since 1542 governor of Croatia and Slavonia, he successfully defended that territory against the Turks for many years, and in 1503 was appointed commander-in-chief of the royal forces on the right bank of the Damdie and com- mandant of Sziget. When Solyman. at the head of an army of 65.000 men, attacked that fortress in 1506, Zrinyi ottered a most stubborn resistance. Although his garrison consisted of only 2500 troops, he managed to hold his own from August 0th till September 7th. Neiiher the Sultan's promise to make him Governor of the whole of Illyria and hereditary possessor of Bosnia, nor the threat to kill his only son George, whom Solyman pretended to hold as a prisoner, could induce him to surrender. On September 5th the Turks succeeded in setting fire to the outer castle, whereupon Zrinyi took refuge in the inner castle, and when this also was fired on the 7th, met his death fighting heroically at the head of his force now reduced to 000, More than 20,000 Turks had been killed during the siege, and Sultan Solyman died on September 4th in a parox'sm of rage at the terrible repulses he encountered. The tragic end of Zrinyi was graphically described by his great-grandson Miklfis (1616-04) in the epic f^zicicii veszedelem (The Fall of Sziget, 1651). The catastrophe was also repeatedly made the subject of dramatic productions, notably by Theodor Korner.