Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/924

* ZOE. "86 but was imprisoned by the latter. Released with her sister in 1042, Zoe deposed and blinded the young .Michael. She then, after sharing the throne for a few months with her sister Theodora, gave the Imperial power to a third husband, Constan- tine IX. Monomachus. ZOEGA, tso-a'ga, Geoeg (1755-1800). A Danisli arohoeologist, born at Dahler. in Jutland. He studied at the University of Gottingon, and after teaching and traveling in Italy became a Catholic in 1783, and settled at Rome, where lie was appointed Danish Consul-General in 1798, and died in 1809. His studies of coins and manu- scripts were of great value. His publications include: Xumi ^TUgyptii Imperatorii (1787); De Origine et Usti Obeliscortim (1797) ; a work in Italian on the bas-reliefs of ancient Rome (1808); and Catnlogus Codicum Copticorum Manuscript orum (1810), which was his greatest work. Consult Jorgensen, Oeorg Zoega (Copen- hagen. 1881). ZOETROPE (from Gk. fwii, ~0e, life + tp^ttos, tropos. a turning) . An optical instrument most often seen in the fomi of a toy^ to exhibit pic- tures with the appearance of motion. See KiXETOSCOPE, and for illustration Fig. 10 under Illusion. See also Stroboscope. ZOGTBAUM, RfFUs Fairchild (1849—). An American artist and descriptive writer, bora in Charleston, S. C. He was specially distinguished for delineation of military and naval subjects. Educated at the Art Students' League, New York (1878-79). and under Leon Bonnat in Paris ( 1880-82), he made studies of the great European armies in the field and in their garrison life, and wi-ote a series of articles, illusti'ated by himself, that were begun in 18S4 in Harpers Monthly and published in book form (1887) as Horse, Foot, and Dragoons. Later works, dealing with naval matters, were All Hands and Ships and Sailors. ZOI'LTJS (Lat., from Gk. Zmos). A Greek rhetorician, born at Amphipolis, in the third century B.C. On account of the severity with which he assailed Homer, he was called 'OnTjpo- fiio-Tis (Homer's scourge). Dionysius of Halicar- nassus, however, ranks him among the best critics. Xone of his works are extant. Consult Spindler. De Zoilo Homeromastige qui Vacatur (1888-89). ZOISITE (named in honor of Baron von Zois, the discoverer of the mineral). A mineral hy- dratc<l silicate of aluminum and calcium crys- tallized in the orthorlioud)ie system. It has a vitreous or pearl_y lustre, and is gray to brow-n, and sometimes green or red in color. It occurs chiefly in crystalline schists, especially tho.se containing the amphiboles, and also in graphite. It is found in Norway, Scotland, Austria, Sax- ony, Switzerland, and in the Ignited States at various localities in Massachusetts. Connecticut, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Tennessee. . rose-red variety, sometimes used for ornamental purposes, is found in Norway, and is called Ihvlili-. after Thule, an ancient name for Norway. ZOLA, z6'la', Emile (18401902). A French naturalistic novelist, born in Paris, April 2, 1840. His father was a Venetian with Cireek blood in Ills veins. Zola studied at the Lycee Saint-Louis, bvit after twice failing to get his bachelor's degree, ZOLA. he found work in 1862 in the publishing house of Hachette in Paris, and at the same time began to write for the newspapers. He had al- ready written a number of novels and tales, his first book being the Contes « yinon ( 1864), when in ISOO lie undertook to relate in a series of connected volumes what he called the "Physiolog- ical history of a family under the Second Em- pire." To this family he gave the name of •■Rougon-Macquart." The first novel of the scries. La fortune dcs Rougon, was not published until 1871, after the fall of the Empire. Other novels of the series. La curee (1870), Le ventre de Paris (1873), La conc/uete de I'lassuns (1874), La faute de I'Abhe Mouret (1875). and Son Excellence Eugene liougon ( 1876), succeeded each other until 1870 without arousing much at- tention. But the seventh novel of the series, L'assommoir (1878), achieved instantaneous success. It was a powerful picture of life among the working class of Paris and of the havoc cre- ated therein by alcoholism. The pictures presented Ijy Zola were realistic beyond anything that had been known hitherto in French literature. The ugly side of life was presented with a descriptive fullness and a bold- ness of vocabulary from which French masters of realism had always shrunk. Zola, of course, was attacked as well as praised. In defending himself he claimed to have ushered in a new literary school, which he called 'naturalistic' His novels were described by him and the fol- lowers whom he soon gathered about him as 'documents' intended to give to the public a com- plete picture of French contemporary society. The success of L'a.isommoir was repeated in 1880 by "Sana, and later by several other novels of the series, notably by Germinal (1885). The wholfr series consisted of 20 volumes, the last two of which. La debacle, dealing with the unreadiness of France for the Franco-German War, and Le Docteur Pascal, were published in 1892 and 1893. This series contains Zola's most remarkable productions. It is very uneven ; it must be ad- mitted that some of the volumes, Pot-Iiouille ( 1882), for instance, which claims to be a picture of the life of the middle class, present hardly anything that is not nauseating and at the same time tedious in the highest degree. Others, (lerminal. La terre (1887). La bete liuniainc (1890), L'argent (1891), La debacle (1892), are works of great power. It need hardly be said that not one of these is free from the fea- tures (hat are known as objectionable. In fact, passages which seem to be quite unnec(>ssarv to the development of the story would indicate that Zola fook pleasure in introducing into his liooks, thanks to his literary skill. ih'scri|>tions which no other writer would have dared attempt. ^niile presenting to the jiulilie the productions of his creative iniaiiinatiou. Zola considered it his duty .also to develop his literary theories and to at- tack those of his opponents; this was done in a number of volumes of literary criticism, the most im|)ortant of which were Le ronian ej:pfy'imental (1880) and Les romanriers natiiralistes (1881), so that it is not very difficult, through a com- jiarison <if his (lu'oretical utterances with his practical performanecs, to see whether Zola achieved exactly what he claimed to do. The enemy against which lie loved to direct his sharp- est attack .is romanticism; the intellectual