Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/922

* ZITTEL. 784 ZODIAC. employed by the Geological Institution in Vienna, qualified there as docent at the university in lSti3, and in the same year became professor of mineralogy at the Polytechnic School in Karls- ruhe. ■hence he was called to the chair of paleon- tology at Munich in 1866. He took part in Kohffs's expedition to Kgjpt and the Libyan desert in 1873-74. His publications comprise: Paliioiitologische Studien iiher die Grenzschichten der Jura- und Kreideformation (1868-70) : Aus der Urzeit. Bilder aus der Schopfuiigsgcschichte (•2d ed. 1875) : Handhuch der PaLiiontologie (1876-93, with Sehimper and Schenk), the most important work on this branch of science; Bei- triige ziir (leologie und Paliiontologie der Liby- schen ir«sfe (1883 et seq.) ; Die Sahara (1883) ; and Gescltichle der Geologic und Paliiontologie his Ende des 19. Jalirhunderts (1899). In 1899 he was made president of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and head custodian of the scientific collections of Bavaria. ZIZKOW, zhezh'kof. A town of Bohemia, Austria, an eastern suburb of Prague. It has manufactories of matches, metal goods, and am- munition. Population, in 1900, 60,089. Zizkow was made a separate town in 1898. ZLATOPOL, zla't6-p6I. A town in the Gov- ernment of Kiev, South Russia, about 50 miles soutliwest of Tcherkassy. It manufactures flour. Population, in 1897, 11,388. ZLATOUST, zla'to-ust'. A district town in the Government of Vfa. East Russia, situated in the Ural ilountains, 270 miles northeast of Ufa (Map: Russia, J 3). It lies in an extensive mining region and has large Crown works for the manufacture of guns and ammunition. Popu- lation, in 1897, 20,973. ZNAIM, tsnim. A town of Moravia. Austria, on the Tliaya, 48 miles north-northwest of Vienna (Map: Aistria, E 2). The town con- tains an old castle of the margraves of Moravia. There are manufactures of pottery and textiles. Population, in 1900, 16,261, At Znaim an armis- tice was concluded between the Austrians and the French after the battle of Wagram (1809), lead- ing to the Treaty of Schonbrunn. ZO'AN. The Hebrew name of the Egyptian city of Tants (q.v.). . ZO'AR (Heb. so'ar). One of the ancient cities of Palestine, originally called Bela (Gen. xiv. 2, 8). According to the narrative in the fourteenth chapter of Genesis, it was attacked in the expedition of the 'four kings against five.' (See AmkaI'IIEL.) It was one of the five 'cities of the plain,' :ind, with the others, was doomed to destruction, l)ut was spared, at Lot's inter- cession, to afford him a refuge (Gen. xix.). In the account of the death of Moses it is mentioned as visible from Pisgah (Deut. xxxiv. 3). In Isaiah and Jeremiah it appears as a town of Moab (Isa. xv. 5; Jer. xlviii. 34). Zoar prob- ably lay in the vicinity of the other four cities at the southeastern end of the Dead Sea. but its exact location is unknown. Eusebitis and .Terome describe a place Zoara, at the south end of the Dead Sea as a Roman garrison with many in- habitants. Stephen of Byzantium calls it a large village and fortress, and it is subsequently spoken of a-; the see of a bishop. The Crusaders found it under the name Segor. and describe it as pleasantly situated and having many palm trees, Abulfeda, the Arabic historian, also makes frequent mention of a place Zoara, adjacent to the Dead Sea. The identification appears, there- fore, to rest upon safe ground, though some scholars are inclined to seek for the biblical Zoar at the northern end of the Dead Sea. Consult G. A. Smith, Historical Geography of Palestine (London, 1897), See Sodom and Gomorrah, ZOAR COMMUNITY. A communistic so- cietj- established in America by a colony of Germans calling themselves Separatists, It was originally composed of about four hundred mem- bers, who had suffered persecution in iirttem- berg as dissenters from the Established Church, and who in 1817 emigrated to America, where they were kindly received by the Quakers of Philadelphia, who aided them in effecting a set- tlement in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, The Sepa- ratist emigration had been primarily for the purpose of securing religious liberty. The idea of establishing a comnmne was not entertained until after the settlement in Ohio, Early in 1819 articles of agreement for a community of goods were signed. During the earlier yefirs of the life of the society many new members were added from Wiirttemberg, The conununity was at one time prosperous. The building of the Ohio Canal, in whose construction the Zoarites were largely employed, proved of great benefit to them. About this time they owned several thou- sand acres of land, and had built up industries and established a considerable commerce with the outside world. The growth and prosperity of the society was, however, largely due to the ability and shrewdness of its leader. Joseph ^Michael Biiumeler (q.v.). Decline began with his death. In 1898 the question of dissolution was formally discussed, and on JMarch 10th a decision was reached binding all to a division of the property on an equitable basis. This act of distribution abolished the conununistic feature of the society, but the numicipal incorporation of the Society of Zoar remains intact. It is now more like a rich corporation than a comnninistic society. Consult Xordhoff, The Communistic So- cieties of the United Slates (1875). ZO'BO (Tibetan md~opo, male of the mdzo, zobo). A hybrid between the yak (q.v.) and the hunqied rattle (q.v.) of India. It is not unlike an English ox. it is common in the western parts of the Himalaya, and is valued as a beast of hiirdcii, as well as for its milk and its flesh. ZOCKLEK, tsek'ler. Otto (1833—). A Ger- man Lutheran theologian, born at Griinberg, Ilessc. He studied at Giessen, Erlangen, and Berlin, and became a professor at Giessen in 1863 and at Greifswald in 1806. His works are numerous, including commentaries on both Old and New Testament books: Kritische Gcfrhichte der Asl-ese (1S63; new ed.. .sl;esc und ,lfonp7i- ttim, 1897): Das, Krcuz Ohristi (1875; Eng. trans., Tlic Cross of Christ. 1877) ; Die Lehre vom Vrsland dr.') ^[rnschcn (1879) ; Golteszcugen im I'richr der Nntur (1881) ; and liiblisrhr und Icirrhrnhistorisehc Studirn (1893). He edited the Handhuch der fheat. zodiacus, from Gk. fwSioKis, z6diaI(OS,