Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/910

* ZERUBBABEI,. 772 ZEUGLODON. time ■when the second temple was built. He was born probably in Babylon. In Ezra iii. 2, 8, and Haggai i. 1, he is called the son t)i Shealtiel, who was a son of Jehoiachin. He may have been the immediate successor of Sheshbazzar or Sin-apal-uzur, the Shenazar of I. Chronicles iii. 18, who was one of the sons of Jehoiachin and was the first Ciovernor of Jerusalem appointed by Cyrus. According to I. Esdras, Zerubbabel was one of Darius's pages who was granted permission to return to Jerusalem and build the temple as a re- ward for his cleverness in argument. The story, is probably without any historic foundation. Tlirough tile influence of Haggai and Zechariah the people of Jerusalem were induced to build a new temple more fit to be the house of Yahweh than the single shrine that had served that purpose probably since the destruction of Solomon's tem- ple by Nebuchadnezzar in B.C. 580. The erection of the new sanctuary was begun in B.C. 520, and the temple was dedicated in B.C. 51G. During the years it was building the prophets cherished the hope that its completion would usher in a new era of prosperity for Jerusalem and that Zerubbal^el would become King of the restored commonwealth. Even in Babylonia the Jews seem to have shared these expectations, and Hal- dai was sent to .Jerusalem, at the head of a depu- tation, with gold that was made into a crown and held in readiness for the day of coronation. Visions of Zechariah .show that in prophetic cir- cles there was some anxiety lest this expected restoration of the Davidic dynasty might inter- fere with the growing importance attached to the high-priestly office. It is the growing conviction of scholars that the temple was rebuilt, not •chiefly by exiles who may have returned from Babj-lonia in the days of Sheshbazzar, since Hag- gai and Zechariah make no mention of it, but by the Judeans who were the descendants of the peo- ple left in the land when Nebuchadnezzar carried away some of the more important families. As Zerubbabel is not named in the account of the dedication (Ezra vi. 15 sqq.), it has been sup- posed that he was recalled by Darius, who may have feared the effect of having a descendant of the old Davidic dynasty as Governor in .loru- salem. It is probaide, however, that Zerubliabel went to his grave without ever having sat on the throne of his father, and no descendant of David ever seems to have occupied that throne after the fall of the dynasty in B.C. 586. BiBi.ioORApnY. Schrader, Die Dau(fr des zwFJten Tempelbaiies (Leipzig, 18fi7) ; Stade, GescMchfe den Volkes Israel (Berlin, ISSS) ; Ryle, E::ra and yehcmiah (Cambridge, 18(13) ; Van Hoonacker, Zorohahel et Ic second temple (Ghent, 18n2) ; Kosters, Bet herstel ran Israel in het Pcr:ische tijdrak (Leyden. 1804) ; Marquart, Fwidamcnte israelitischer und jiidischcr Ge- schiehte (Gottingen, ISOG) ; Torrey, The Com- position and Tlistorical Value o[ Ezra-'Nehemiah (Geneva. 1800) : Eduard Meyer, Entstehirnfi des Judentums (Halle. 1800); Schmidt, in The Xeic World (Boston. 1808); Cheyne. ./r»/.W; Jtelifiious Life After the Exile (New York. 18081 : Scllin, fteriihhahcl (Leipzig, 1808) ; id.. Hludien zur EntstehunfiSfiesehiehtc der fiidiseheii (lemexnde (Leipzig, 1901); Siegfried, Ezra-Nehemia (Giit- tingen, 1001); Bertholet, Ezra-Nehemia (Tubin- gen, 1902). ZERUMBET. See Ginger. ZESEN, tsa'zen, Piiilipp von (1619-89). A German poet and romancer. He was born at Priorau, near Dessau, studied at Wittenberg and Leipzig, and in 1643 founded at Hamburg the Deutschgesiiinte Genossenschaft, a literary so- ciety the members of which tried in somewhat naive fashion to purify the German language of barbarisms. Until 1683, when he settled in Hamburg, Zeseu lived the life of a wanderer, and Mas well known in several courts of Europe. His works on German grammar and versification are forgotten, but one of his novels of adventure, Die adriatische liosemund (edited by Jellinek, 1890), has considerable merit. ZET'LAND. See Shetland Islands. ZETTEESTEDT, tset'er-stet, Johan Vil- iiELM (1785-1874). A Swedish naturalist, born in East Ciothland. He was educated at Lund, where he became successively tutor of botany (1810), assistant in the natural history depart- ment (1812), and professor of botany (1839). His works include Dissertaiio de Fcecundatione Plantaruin (1810-12); Orthoptera Sueciw (1821); Fauna In^ctorum Lcupponiea (1828); Monoyraphia Hcatophagarum Scandinavios (1835) ; Inseeta Lnpponica (1838-40), and Dip- tera Scandinavia: (1842-60). ZETZSCHE,, tsech'shc, Karl Eduard (1830- 94). A German mathematician and physicist, born in Altenl)urg. He studied in Dresden and Vienna, and in 1856 entered the Austrian tele- graph service. In 1858 he became teacher in the industrial high-school at Chemnitz, and in 1876 professor of telegraphy in the Polytechnic Institute at Dresden. In 1880 he was appointed telegraph-engineer in the Imperial Post-office at Berlin, and in 1887 retired from public .ser- vice. He w-rote: Die Kopiertelcgraphoi, Typen- drucktelegraphen und die Doppelteleqraphie (1865); Die elektrischen Tclcgraphen (I860): Katechismus der elektrischen Telegraphie (6th ed.. 1883) ; Ahriss der Geschiehte der elek- trischen Telegraphie (1874); Die Entir-iekelung der antomatisehen Telegraphie (1875); Hand- hiieh der elektrischen Telegraphic (together with Friilich, Henneberg, and Kohlfiirst) (1877-1805). Consult: Voretzsch. Zur Erinnerung an K. E. Zetzsrhr (Altenburg, 1804). ZEUGLODON, zu'glo-don (Neo-Lat., from Ok, ^eiyXri, zeugle, strap or loop of a yoke, from l^evypimi, zeugngnai, to join + idotls, odous, tootli). An extinct whale, the earliest kno-n fossil cetacean, found in Eocene (h'|)(isits of various parts of the world. It was a great serpent- like creature with body 50 to "0 feet long and from (1 to 8 feet in diameter at the thickest part of the trunk. The head was four feet long, the trunk 10 feet, and the tail had a lengtli of 40 feet. The skull zEUGLoroN Toorn. "'■'*' elongated and naltened. re- sembling that of the crocodile, and the blow-hole was near its middle. The teeth were like those of the Carnivora, from which (he cetaceans are supposed (n have evolved, in (liat