Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/907

* ZENO. 769 ZENO OF SIDON. tomb built at public expense and a bron?M monu- ment because of the tenipenince and virtue which he had shown in his own life as well as teach- ings. Consult: Ritter and Preller, Historia I'kilosophiw drcEca; (8th ed., Gotha, 1808) ; /tel- ler, I'hilosophie der Uriechen, vol. iii. (3d ed., Leipzig, 1880) ; Zeller, tSluics, Epicureans, and Hccplics (London, 1870) ; Ueberweg, History of I'hilosophy, Eng. trans. (New York, 1887) ; and Wachsmuth, De Zenone et Oleanthe (Gottingcn, 1874). ZENO (420-401). Byzantine Emperor from 474 to 491. He was a native of Isauria. By his marriage with Ariadne, daufjliter of Leo L, he ac- quired a powerful position in the Empire as leader of the Imperial guard and the Asiatic troops. In 474 he became regent for his son Leo, after the death of his father-in-law, and in the same year Emperor through the death of his son. In 475-477 he was engaged in repressing the rebellion led by Basilicus, his wife's uncle. At first he was driven from Constantinople, but finally won the victory with the help of the Ostrogoths, whom, however, he was subsequently obliged to fight, until, in 488, he persuaded Theodoric to leave the Eastern Empire for the conquest of Odoacer in Italy. His reign was notable for the peace which lie made between the orthodox party and the llonophysitcs by means of the so-called 'Hcnoticon' of 482. ZENO, za'nA. AposTOLO ( lGGS-17.50). An Italian poet and historian of literature. He was born at Venice, where he first came into notice as a writer of melodramas. With Maflfei and Vallisnicri ho foimded, in 1710, the first Italian critical journal, the Giornale de' letterati d'ltalia. He went to Vienna in 1718 at the in- vitation of Charles VI. as Court poet, and re- mained there till 1729, when he returned to Venice. He was a prolific writer of melodramas and as an opera librettist did clever work. His dramas were published in 1744 by Gozzi. As a literary historian and bibliographer he did work of more value, as exemplified by Compendio del vocabolario deUa Crusca (1705); Istorici delle cose veneziane (1718-22); and Dissertazioni istorico-critiche e lettrrarie ngli istorici italiani (1752-5.3), which was his chief work. Consult Negri, Vita di Apostolo Zcno (Venice, 1816). ZENO, NiccoLd and Antonio. Two Venetian navigators and adventurers of the fourteenth century. They came of a rich patrician family and late in the fourteenth century ( probably be- tween 1375 and 1380) w-ent on a voyage into the North Atlantic, where they were wrecked, and remained for some time on the island of 'Fris- landa,' prohabl.y one of the Faroe group, al- though believed by some to be Iceland. They are said also to have visited Engroneland (Green- land). While in the north they met a sailor, who told them a story of having been driven far to the westward to an island where dwelt a civilized people who possessed Latin books and could not speak the Norse tongue. Their coun- try he called Estotiland, variously claimed to be Labrador. Newfoundland, and New England. Farther to the south,* he said, lived tribes of cannibals, and still farther people who had great towns and splendid temples. Niccolo died in the north about 1301. and Antonio returned to Venice carrying with him an account of their own voy- ages and the story they had been told by the sailor, together with a map which they had con- structed of the regions mentioned. The manu- script and the map lay unnoticed in the family palace in Venice until 1558, when a descendant collected them and published them under the title, Dei Commentdrii del Viarjyio. The whole question of the Zeno brothers' voyages, the loca- tion of Frislanda, the truth of their stories, and the authenlicity of their map, has been the sub- ject of nuich discussion. Consult: Forster, Oe- scJiirlitc dcr Entdecliungcn im Norden (1794, Eng. trans.) ; Zuola, IJissertazione intorno ai viuggi a scopcrte setlentrionali di Nicolo e Antonio Fra- telli Zeni (1808) ; The Voyages of the Venetian Brothers, Niccolo and Antonio Zcno (1873), edi- ted by Major, for the Hakluyt Society ; and Win- sor. Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. i. (Boston, 1889). ZENO'BIA (Lat., from Gk. i-qvofila). Queen of Palmyra. She was the wife of Odenathus, lord of Palmyra, who had been recognized in a.d. 264 as king and imperator in the East by the Roman Emperor Gallienus (q.v.), and who.se sway ex- tended over almost all the eastern provinces. In 207 Odenathus and his son Herodes were mur- dered, and a younger son, Vahballatlius, succeeded his father, though the actual government was in the hands of Zenobia, who ruled as an indepen- dent sovereign, caring little for the Roman em- perors, with whose armies she repeatedly came into conflict. She even attempted to establish her dominion in Egypt, but in this she failed. When .^urelian came to the throne in 270, he at first continued to recognize the title and rights of Vahballatlius, and even permitted Zeno- bia to assume the title of Augusta. In 271 Vahballathns died, and Zenobia continued to rule, in the name of her two younger sons. Attempt- ing to extend her power over Asia Minor, she drew upon herself the anger of Aurelian, who marched against her with a large army and, after twice defeating her troops, besieged her in Palmyra (early in 272). Her hopes of being relieved by the Persians and Arabians being disappointed, she attempted to escape by flight, but was captured (spring of 272). Before the conqueror her courage failed, and she saved her own life by imputing the blame of the war to her counselors, especially the celebrated Lon- ginus (q.v.), who was accordingly put to death. Zenobia was led in triumphal procession at Rome, and was presented liy her conqueror with large possessions in the Villa of Hadrian, near Tibur (Tivoli), where in the society of her two sons she passed the rest of her life. She was a woman of great courage, high spirit, and striking beauty. With purity of morals in private life, she com- bined prudence, justice, and liberality in her ad- ministration. Her literary acquirements were considerable: she spoke Latin and Greek, as well as Syriac and Coptic. ZENOBIA, OK THE FALL OF PALMY- KA. A powerful historical romance by William Ware (1830) in the form of letters, originally contributed to the Enickeriocker Magazine, New York. ZENO OF SI'DON (c. I50-C.78 B.C.). An Epi- curean philosopher, and after about B.C. 100 leader of the school. In his old age both Cicero and Philodemus were his pupils at Athena. Sev-