Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/903

* ZECHARIAH. 765 ZEISBERGER. this section are much employed in the Gospels. Consult the general works mentioned in the article Minor Pkoi'HETS, and ' right, Zechariah and Uin }'rophvcies (London, 18711) ; Cheyne, in the Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. i. (ib., 188!)) ; Lasane, Etude sur le livre de Zacharie (Amster- dam, 1801) ; Marti, Dcr I'rajthct Zacluirja (Frei- Imri;, 189li) ; IlubinUane, The Srioiul I'tirt of the liouk of Zttchariah (liasel, 1892) ; and Perowne, "Ilafrgai and Zcchariiih," in the Camliridge Bible for tichooln and Colleges (Cambridge, 1893). ZEDEKIAH. zed'*-kl'a (Heb. Sidkiyyah, or Sidkiyyuhi'i, Yaliweh is my vindication). A fre- quent Old Testament name; especially the last King of Judah (II. Kings xxiv. 17; xxv.; II. Chron. xxxvi. 11 et seq. ; .Jeremiah, passim). At his first capture of Jerusalem (n.c. .597) Nebu- ch.adnezzar deposed King Jehoiachin, carried him away to IJabylon. and left as king in his place his uncle Mattaniah, the third of the sons of Josiah, changing his name to Zedekiah. The best part of the people had been carried off into captivity, and Jehoiachin w'as still the legitimate king to the people, so that Zedekiah's position was a sorry one. Jeremiah openly announces the divine preference for the exiles, and can see no good in the shadow-monarchy of Zedekiah. Upon the withdrawal of the Babylonian army, the neighboring States began a conspiracy against Nebuchadnezzar and attempted to seduce Zede- kiah; and within Jerusalem there was a strong party led by fanatical prophets ready to throw off the Babylonish yoke (Jer. x.xvii., xxviii.). Zedekiah himself went to Babylon in his fourth year (Jer. li. 59), probably to vouch for his loyalty. But in B.C. .588 he could no longer re- sist the pressure of the 'Patriots/ and revolted. He still consulted .Teremiah., who, however, re- sisted all his advances; the latter was finally immured by his enemies, but was released through the favor of the king (xxxii.-xxxviii.) . Zedekiah thus appears as a well-meaning but weak man, unfitted for his circumstances. After a valiant defense of a year and a half, .Terusalem was taken by storm. Zedekiah with some follow- ers escaped eastward to the Jordan, but was cap- tured, and carried to the presence of Nebuchad- nezzar in Syria, where judgment was given upon him for his treason. His sons were slain before him, his eyes were put out, and he was carried in fetters to Babylon. ZEDLITZ, tsedllts, Josef Christian, Baron (1790-18G2). An Austrian poet. He was born at Johiinnisberg, in Austrian Silesia, and was educated at the gymnasium of Breslau. He served in the army, but resigned in 1809 and devoted himself to literary pursuits. In 1837 he re- ceived a position in a department of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs at Vienna, and after 1851 he was in the Austrian diplomatic service. He was one of the leaders of the Romantic movement in Austria. His dramas, such as Der Stern von Srvilla (1830). and Kerkrr und Krone (1834), arc not of great value, but his lyrics and ballads are characterized by much originality and grace. His most famous work is Todfriikriinze (1827), a collection of elegies, buf many of his best poems are contained in other volimies. such as Gedichte (1832) and Soldatenhiichlrin (1848). ZEDOARY (Fr. zfdnnire, Sp., Port. ;:edoariri. from Pers. zadwar, zidicur, jadwar, zedoary). The popular name of certain species of Cur- cuma (see TLRiMiUic), natives of the East Indies, the root-stocks (rhizomes) of which are aro- matic, bitter, and pungent, and are commonly used in the East like ginger. Their use in Europe and America is limited. The round zedoary of the shops is the product of Curcuma Zedoaria and Curcuma aromalica, natives of both India and China, having palmate root-stocks, straw-colored within. Long zedoary is produced by Curcuma Zeruuihet, a form of Curcuma Zeodaria, a native of various parts of the East Indies, having long palmate root-stocks, yellow within. ZEE'LAND. See Zealand. ZEEMAN (za'mon) EFFECT. The name of an interesting phenomenon discovered in 1897 by Dr. Zeeman of the University of Amsterdam. He observed that the spectrum of a source of light was changed by the source being placed in a strong magnetic field. Each line in the original spectrum is split up into several lines, when the source is viewed from a direction at right angles to the lines of magnetic force and also when viewed along the lines, but differently in the two cases. The light in these component lines is polarized also. The great importance of the discovery lies in its bearing upon the ultimate cause of the ether vibrations which produce light. Reference should be made to Zeeman's original papers, wdiich have been translated into English m Lewis. Effects of a Magnetic Field on Radia- tion, "Scientific Memoir Series." vol. viii. (New York. 1900). and to a monograph by Cotton, /-e phenoinene de Zeeman (Paris, 19U0). See Light; SPECTRCSCOPy. ZEILA, za'la, or ZAYXAH. A seaport in British Somaliland, East Africa, near the frontier of French Somaliland (Map: Africa, J 3). It is one of the principal poi'ts of the colony, but its former importance as an outlet for the trade of Abyssinia has been transferred to Jibutil in French Somaliland, which has the advantage of being connected by rail with Harrar. Population, estimated at 15,000. ZEISBERGER,. tsIsn^erK-er, David (1721- 1808). A Moravian missionary in America, born in Moravia. He was educated in Herrnliut, Sax- ony, and in 1738 removed to Oglethor]X''s colony in Georgia. In 1740 he settled in Pennsylvania, where he became one of the founders of Bethle- hem. From 1743 until his death he labored unremittingly among the Indians, and his ser- vice has few parallels in the history of the country. He was greatly beloved and trusted by the tribes among whom he lived, and was made a sachem by the Iroquois and adopted by the Monsey-Delawarcs. His personal influence was the principal factor in restraining the Delawares from joining their former allies during the Revo- lutionary War. After the massacre of a band of his converts at Cinadenhutten in 1782. he led the rest of his followers into Michigan, thence into Canada, and in 1798 to the Tuscarawas, where the town of Goshen was founded. He published A Delan^are and English ftpelling Book (1770) ; A Collection of Ht/mnfi for the Christian Indians ( 1 803 ) . and Sermons for CVi ildren (1 803 ). Since his death have been published his Dictionary in Germiin and Delan-arr (1887). and Diary of David Zeishergcr, 17S1-98 (1888). Consult also