Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/889

* YTJNG WING. 751 TUBOK. States in June, 1002, ami luis sinco residod in llai'tforil, ( 'oiui. YUN-NAN, ywn'nan' (Chin., 'south of the clouds,' from ijiin, clouds + nan, south, in allu- sion to the great banks of fog which overliang the Province of Sze-Chuen on the north). One of the eiglitcen provinces of China proper, bounded on the north by Kze-Chucn, on the west by Kwei- Chow and Kvang-si, on the south by Tong- king and the Shan States, and on the west by U])per Burma and the Shans. Estimated area, 14(i,G80 square miles; estimated population, in 10(1.3, 12,324,574, composed of Chinese (many of them Mohammedans), Shans, and Lolos. Yun- nan may be described as consisting of a great central plateau 5000 to 7000 feet above the level of the sea, diversified by ranges of hills and mountains, which in some places rise to heights of 7000 feet above the plateau, with lofty, massy ranges in the northwest wdiose serrated sum- mits are covered with snow. The drainage is partly to the Yang-tse in the north, partly south- (>ast through the Si-kiang, btit mostly southward through the Song-koi, the Jlckong, and the Sal- ween, which traverse its western j)arts from north to south. Its rivers have furrowed for themselves deep channels — several hundred feet in some places — through the prevailing red sandstones and shales. Lakes are numerous and some of them large. The province is known to be rich in minerals ; 'smokeless' eoal (that is. anthracite) is widely distributed ; copper is extensively mined : silver, lead, tin, zinc, and iron are found and worked; gold is found in the river sands, and salt pits are numerous and much salt is produced. The chief industries are agriculture, mining, metal- working, and lapidary A'ork — jade-cutting being one of the most active branches. The jade, how- ever, conies from Tammaw, in Upper Burma, and the precious stones are also brought in from the west. The chief' copper supply of the Empire comes from Yun-nan, as well as the Chinese 'Ger- man silver,' commercially known as pach-tong ('white copper'). The chief agricultural prod- ucts are rice, wheat, maize, a poor quality of opiimi, tobacco, a little cotton and silk, tea, and aniseed. The tea gro in the Department of r'u-erli is noted throughout the Empire as more refresliing than any other, and brings a high price. It is steamed and then made into cakes for transportation. Two towns, Mong-tse and Sze-iuao (q.v. ), are open to foreign trade, and there is a British consul at Teng-yueh-cliow, on the western frontier. The province shares with Kwei-chow the supervision of a Tsung-tuh or Governor-General. The Governor resides at Yun- nan-fu (q.v.). A rebellion, begun in IS55 by the killing of 14.000 Mohammedans, lasted until 1873, when it was suppressed with much slaughter. It did much to desolate the country and impoverish the people. YXTN-NAN-FU. A city of China, capital of the Province of Yunnan. It stands in a great plain 6420 feet above the level of the sea, near the northeast shore of Lake Tien-ch'ih (area, 1400 square miles), in latitude 25° 3' N., longi- tude 102° 42' E. (Map:-China, B 6). Its walls, which have a circuit of three miles and are pierced with six gates, inclose in the northern sec- tion many swamps and vegetable gardens. The population and the business are in the southern lialf; the streets are wide and clean, all garbage being collected daily by bullock carts, a most unusual tiling in Cliina. As the extensive sub- urbs were destroyed during the so-called Moham- medan rebellion (1855-1873), most of the busi- ness is done within the city, and the streets are thronged with apparently well-to-do people. The great salt emporium still exists outside the south gate. The drainage of the lake is to the Vang-tse. The climate is healthful. There are heavy snows in winter. YUBIEV, yoor'ySf, University of. The of- ficial name for the University of Dorpat, in IjI- vonia, Russia. It had its in(^eption in the gym- nasium founded by the Swedish Government when it gained possession of Livonia. This institution was changed in 1032 into a university. There were then instituted four faculties conducted by 19 professors who came from Germany. During its existence under the Swedish regime it was known as the 'Academia Gustaviana.' When in 1056 the city was taken b_v the Russian forces a few of the teachers and students attempted to perpetuate the university at Keval. There w-ere about 60 students attached to the institution as late as 1065, when it ceased to exist. In 1690 it was re- opened as the 'Academja Gustaviana Carolina' at Dorpat, with but ten professors, mostly Swedes. When war broke out in the north it was trans- ferred in 1690 to Pernau, where it declined rapid- ly and became extinct in 1710. In 1802 Paul I. was led to establish a Cierman university at Dorpat, to induce the students of the Baltic Provinces to remain in Russia. During the pe- riod of 1828-38 there existed at the university a special institute for the ediieation of professors for the rest of the Russian universities. During the reign of Nicholas I. the university, in common with the rest of the Russian universities, suflfered from Government oppression. In 1850 the tra- ditional philosophical faculty was divided into the faculties of history-philosophj- and physics- mathematics. In 186.5 more favorable statutes were granted the universit}' and a freer academic life came into existence. Its autonomy was, however, taken away in 1889. V-p to 1891 the university was a purely German institution, but since then the Government has taken strenuou.s measures to Russify it. Since 1805 all instruc- tion except in the theological and part of the medical faculties is carried on in Russian. Pro- fessors were given two years within which to acquire the Russian language. The attendance in 1001 was 1790. The university library, es- tablished in 1802, contains over 200,000 volumes. YtJ'ROK, you'rok (down stream, so called by the upper tribes). A group of tribes, including the Weitspek, Rikwa, and others, and constitut- ing what is known as the Weitspekan linguistic stock, occupying the territory of the lower Kla- math River from about the junction of the Trinity to the sea, in northwestern California. They are distinguished for their lively, inquiring and enterprising disposition, being now indus- trious laborers among the whites, earing for their money and aceumulating household property. In former times they held the monopoly of the canoe- making for the other tribes of the vicinity, con- structing large and seaworthy canoes by burn- ing and scraping out great logs of redwood. Their houses are peculiar circular cellars, over