Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/888

* YUMA. 750 YUNG WING. and feather headdresses. They burned their dead. Two missions were establislied among them by Spanish Franciscans in 1780, but in the next year the Yuma massacred the missionaries and their companions, and the effort was aban- doned. YTJMAN STOCK. An important linguistic stock of the lower Colorado River region of Cali- fornia and Arizona, with portions of the adjoin- ing Mexican States of Sonora and Lower Cali- fornia. Among the most important tribes are the Yuma, Mohave, Walapi, Maricopa, Yavapai, Havasupi, Cocopa, and Coehimi (qq.v.). All the Yunian tribes, excepting those of the Lower Cali- fornia peninsula, were primarily agricultural and vegetarian, rather than hunters, and all had the arts of pottery and basket-making. They w-ere brave and warlike in self-defense, but not preda- tory like the Apache or the Plains tribes. Their ordinary dwellings were brush wikiups, and as a rule they practiced cremation, but sometimes de- posited their dead in eaves in the rocks. The Yuman tribes of the Lower California peninsula seem to have been among the lowest in the scale of all American aborigines, but the Y^uma (q.v.) and others of the Colorado were among the highest types, physically and intellectually. The Jesuit and Franciscan missions established among them between 17G0 and 17S0 made but lit- tle impression, and the majority of those who have survived the contact with civilization re- main in nearly their original condition. From a probable total of perhaps 20,000 about 1760 thej' liave dwindled to barely 5000, nearly all of whom excepting the Cocopfi are within tlie United States. The tribes of Lower California, estimated during the mission period at 12.000, have almost entirely disappeared. YUNCA, yiTon'ka (from Quichua Yuncacuna, dwellers in the hot country). A group of an- cient cultured tribes, constituting a distinct lin- guistic stock, formerly occupying that portion of the coast of Peru extending from about latitude 4° S. to latitude 10° S., their capital being near the present Trujillo. According to their own traditions they had coasted down from the north in canoes. They were agricultural and biiilt reservoirs and irrigating canals, some of them so solidly constructed that they are still in use to-day. The ruins of the great palace at Gran Chimu, with its massive walls, spacious terraces, and elaborate bas-reliefs and frescoes, are one of the wonders of ancient America. They Were also famed for their skill in the fashioning of jewels, vases, and other work in gold and silver. They were brought under subjection to the Inca empire of Peru some time before the arrival of the Spaniards, but their language, which is still spoken in some secluded valleys, bears no trace of Quichua infUience, although surrounded on all sides but the ocean by tribes of that stock. Con- sult Carrera, Arte de la lengua yunga de los valles del ohispado de Trujillo (Lima, 1G44; new ed., ib., 1880). See Peruvian Akch.eology. YUNG-CHING, yoong'ching', or YUNG- CHENG, cliung (1(577-173.5). The reign-title »f the third Emperor of the Ta Tsing, the present dynasty of China. He was the fourth son of K'anghi and succeeded him in 1723 at the age of forty-five. He banished or imprisoned all his brothers except the thirteenth, who, until his death in 1730, was his chief adviser. The Roman Catholic missionaries fell into disfavor in this reign chiefly because "in troublous times the converts followed none but their directions." An edict of expulsion from the country was changed at the last moment to one of banishment, first to Canton, and later to Macao, only those being re- tained at Peking who were needed in the Govern- ment service; 300 churches were demolished or put to profane uses, and a persecution of the native Christians was begun. Yung-Ching was a man of peace, devoted to letters and art and to the promotion of agriculture, and made no effort to extend his dominions by military expeditions as his father had done. His reign, which was short, was filled with famines, destructive floods, and earthquakes, which gave him opportunities for the display of his paternal care of his people. He died in 1735 and was succeeded by K'ien-lung. YUNG-LO (1360-1424). The reign-title of Chu-ti, the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty. He was the fourth son of Himg-wu (q.v.), the founder of the dynasty, and in 1403 superseded his nephew Hwei-ti, who had ascended the throne while Chu-ti was absent in the north on a great military expedition. Throwing off his allegiance to the son of his eldest brother, he marched south, overcame all opposition, entered Xanking, the capital, and assumed the Imperial dignity, his nephew disappearing forever from view in the disturbances which followed. Yung- lo proved himself a man of great energy and en- terprise, but was bigot edly devoted to Buddhism and bestowed the best offices on priests. He pa- tronized literature, however, and his name is inseparably connected with the Tung-lo Ta Tien — the "Great Canon of Y'ung-Io" — an encyelopocdia in 22,877 books, besides a table of contents in 60 books, which was prepared by a commission of three eminent scholars, with the assistance of five chief director.s, 20 subdirectors, and 2169 lit- erary workers. It was begim in 1405 and com- pleted near the close of 1407. It contained the substance of all the classical, historical, philo- sophical, and literary works published down to that time, and embraced astronomy, geography, the occult sciences, medicine. Buddhism, Taoism, and the arts, Jlanj' rare works have been pre- served in it which would otherwise have been irrecoverably lost. YUNG WING (1828—). A Chinese scholar and educator. He was bom near Macao, of humble parentage, entered a mission at eight years of age, and later the Morrison School, "under the Rev. S. R. Brown, and was by him brought to America in 1847. He became a Christian, and devoted his life to the welfare of China. He graduated at Yale College (1854), the first of his race to take a degree from an American college. He conceived a i)!an for hav- ing Chinese youth of promise brought to America for education. He returned to China in 1855. In 1871 his plan was ado])ted by the Government, and the sum of ,$1,500,000 granted. He was made chief commissioner of the Chinese educational mission, and then placed 112 Chinese young men under a fifteen years' course of instruction in the I'nitcd States. He was made a mandarin of the second grade, intendant of (he Province of Kiangsu, and was for a while .ssociate Minister to the X'nited States. He returned to the I'nited