Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/860

* YOKKAICHI. 728 YOLOF. YOKKAICHI, yOk'ki'che. A town in the Prefectiiie of Mije."japan, situated on the Owari Bay, in the southern part of the island of Hondo, 23 miles southwest of Jlagoya (Jlap: Japan. E G). It is an industrial town with many fac- tories built in European style. The manufactures include silk, paper, and porcelain ware known as Banko faience. Population, in 1898, 25,220. YOKOHAMA, yo-ko-ha'raa (Cross Strand). Tle principal treaty port of Japan, situated on the south coast of the main island, 18 miles south of Tokio. the capital; latitude 35° 26' N., longitude 139° 39' E. (Map: Japan, F 6). It stands on a little indentation on the west shore of the Gulf, or Bay, of Yedo, opposite the small prefectural city " of Kanagawa. two miles north, originally designated in the treaty of 1858 as the port to be opened to foreign trade in the following year. Its position on the Tokaido. how- ever, exposed the forei.gn residents to frequent attacks Ijy the military retainers of the territorial barons as they journeyed to and from Yedo. and the native authorities favored the removal of the settlement to its present site on the 'opposite strand,' where stood at that time only a few fishermen's huts. The settlement then estab- lished, and the large native town which has grown up alongside of it on the north, occupy the original sea beach and a large stretch of filled-in" swamp land at the back, bounded on the south and southwest by a tidal creek stretching west and southwest to Mississippi Bay. At a later date a well-wooded hill on the south of this creek, now known as 'The BlufT,' was thrown open to foreigners for residential purposes, and it is now thicklv dotted with handsome villas and bungalows." In 1901 the villages of Honmoku, Negishi. and Nakamura. lying along the foot of the" bluff as far as :Mississippi Bay, were an- nexed to the municipality, which in 1903 con- tained 40.307 houses and a population of 267.550, including 2039 Europeans and Americans, and as many Chinese. The town is well laid out and contains many fine buildings of stone, including the prefectural buildings, the Saibansho or court-house, post office, custom house, railway station, a public hall, an Anglican, a French- Catholic, and a Protestant Union church in the settlement, and several native churches. There are also hospitals, a fine cricket and recreation ground, a race course, a public garden on the Bluff, hotels, club-houses, "Danks. and several weekly and daily newsp.apers, in English. French, and .iapanese. A fine water supply was intro- duced in 1887, the source of the supply being at Sagami-gawa about 30 miles distant. Ships load and unload at a great pier 2000 feet long, and the anchorage is rendered safe by two great breakwaters 12,000 feet in length. Two large graving docks were completed in 1896-97. The total value of the trade of the port in 1902 was 228,308,180 yen, or about $114.1.")."). 000; of this the foreign imports amounted to 89,194.210 pen. Yokohama is the great silk emporium of the country, as Kobe is for tea. YOKOSUKA, yr)-kos''kfl. . coast town of Japan, and the greatest of the six Imperial naval stations (Map: Japan. A 4). It is sitiated on n landlocked inlet of the Bay of Yedo, 12 miles south of S'okohania, with which It is in hourly communication by steamer. It is also con- nected by rail with Yokohama and Tokio, via Kamakura. Here are the Imperial dockyards and arsenals, with great graving docks and every appliance for turning out large armored vessels; begun during the Shogunate in 1866; opened luider the Empire in 1871: initial cost $1,470,431. Population, in 1898, 24,750. At Hemi-mura, a mile distant, is the grave of Will Adams (q.v.), the English pilot who arrived in 1600, and after whom Anjiii-chO or 'Pilot Street' in Tokio is named. YOKUTS, yo-koots' (People). A numerous group of Californian Indian tribes constituting what is known as the Mariposan stock (q.v.). They range over the country about the up- per San Joaquin River, with Tulare Lake and its tributary streams. Their villages consist each of a single row of conical or wedge-shaped lodges of tule rushes, set in perfect line, and with a continuous arbor of brushwood extending along the front. The first lodge is occupied by the village chief, whose office is hereditary, the next by the principal priest or master of cere- monies", after which come the common people. The ordinary weapon is the bow, with a peculiar jointed arrow, which can be lengthened or short- ened according to the distance of the object aimed at. Shell beads are prized both as ornaments and currency and even now are rated as more valuable than coin. The rattlesnake and coyote are held .sacred and never molested. The Yokuts make beautiful baskets, cradles, sifters, and the like, of grass and various woods, using a sharp- ened bone for an awl. They are great gamesters, especially at dice made from split walnuts inlaid with bright-colored abalone shell. The standard of morality is comparatively high. They are not warlike and do not practice scalping. The dead are usually buried, but sometimes cremated, the mourning period continuing until the next Dance of the Dead. Their two great annual ceremonies are the snake dance in the spring, in which the initiates dance and run about after the manner of the more celebrated Hopi society, and the Dance of the Dead, which, after several days and nights of lamentation and frenzied perform- ance, concludes with a wholesale sacrifice of the most valuable property upon an immense funeral pyre erected to the memory of those who have died within the year. A few of the Yokuts are now gathered ujion the Tule River reservation near Portersville. and some were also attached to the old missions, but (lie great majority are in- cluded among the 10.000 Indians of southern California reported as not under agency super- vision. Consult I'owers. "Tribes of California." in Contributions to North Amrricnn lUhnolofixj (1877). YO'LOF. JOLOF, or WOLOF (Si)eakersl. Negroes of the Western Sudan between the lower Senegal and the Cambia and stretching inland. They are said to be a handsome race, tall in stat- ure (68-70 inches), dolichocephalic (index 75.2). and intensely black in color, but having regular features due without doubt to mixture with the Ilamitic peoples north of them. The Volof lan- giage is the medium of coinniuiiic;ition throuffhout Senegambia. In religion the Yolof are ^foliammedans, but they still wear fetishes on their foreheads, breasts, anil abdomens, mixed with bits of the Koran wrapped in i)archment.