Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/845

YEARDLEY. as captain of Sir Thomas Gates's expedition; and was wrecked on the Bermudas, but reached Virginia in 1610. He was acting Deputy Governor of the colony from the departure of Dale in 1616 until the arrival of Argall in 1617. In the following year he went to England, and while there was chosen Deputy Governor of the colony for three years and was knighted by King James I. He reached Virginia on April 19, 1619, and by proclamation modified some of the harsh laws under which the colonists had been living. Acting under instructions, he also convoked the famous House of Burgesses, the first legislative body that had ever assembled in America. His administration did not prove satisfactory to the company, so at the end of his term he was succeeded by Sir Francis Wyatt (q.v.). Yeardley remained in Virginia, however, as a member of the council, and in 1626 was again appointed Deputy Governor, this time by King Charles I. He continued in oflice until his death.  YEAST, or. The mass of vegetable cells produced during the alcoholic fermentation of sugars. Yeast is produced in large quantities in beer brewing, beer yeast being constituted mainly by the minute cells of a species of fungi known as Saccharomyces cerevisiæ, or Torula cerevisiæ. This plant, which multiplies exclusively by budding, is capable of existing for a time in a pure aqueous solution of sugar. An excellent medium is such a solution with some albuminous matter, or phosphates and ammonia salts, added to it. But the best medium for its existence and growth is constituted by some liquid like wort or grape juice. In such a liquid the formation of yeast, accompanying fermentation, may be induced by exposure to the air in a brewery or some other place where alcoholic fermentation is going on, the air of such places containing the germs that develop into the yeast plant. The temperature at which the plant thrives best is from 15° to 20° C. (59° to 68° F.). Even very intense cold does not kill it, although its vegetation is arrested below 5° C. (41° F.). Heat, in the presence of moisture, kills it at temperatures above 75° C. (167° F.); if dry, the plant may be heated above 100° C. (212° F.) without losing its vitality.

Ordinary beer yeast, owing to its bitter taste, is not suitable for use in baking. Baker's yeast may be readily made by introducing a little yeast previously obtained into a wort made from barley, malt, and rye, skimming off the yeast produced during the violent stage of the fermentation and freeing it from liquid by pressure. It is such a product that, mixed with dry starch and pressed into cakes, is brought into the market as 'dry yeast' or 'German yeast.'

Yeast has been used with considerable success in diabetes, in which it causes a marked diminution of sugar in the urine. Yeast poultices, prepared by gradually warming a mixture of yeast, wheat flour, and water until it rises by reason of fermentation, form a highly useful remedy for various ulcers. Beer yeast is also used for preparing a substitute for koumiss, a beverage of high medicinal value extensively used by the Tartars. While the true koumiss fermentation is induced by a specific organism in mare's milk, the substitute is prepared, according to Professor Botkin, by adding water and milk sugar to cow's milk and inducing the alcoholic fermentation of this liquid by means of ordinary brewer's yeast. See ; ; ; etc.  YEAST. A novel by Charles Kingsley, published as a serial in Fraser's Magazine in 1848, and in book form in 1851. It sought to enlist sympathy for the English agricultural classes of the time and contains a noted ballad, The Poacher's Widow, an attack on game-preserving. It gives a vivid picture of the Chartist agitation.  YEATS, (1865—). A British critic and poet. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, but passed most of his childhood in Sligo. He took part in founding the Irish Literary Society and the National Literary Society of Dublin, and contributed to the awakened interest in the legends and the literature of Ireland. As a poet he is agreeably Irish in manner and theme. In 1903 he visited the United States and lectured at some of the principal universities. Among his publications are: Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry (1888); The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems (1889); John Sherman (1891); The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics (1892); A Book of Irish Verse, from modern writers (1895): Poems (1895); The Secret Rose, a series of short stories (1897); The Wind Among the Reeds, poems (1899); The Shadowy Waters, a blank verse drama in one act (1900); Cathleen ni Hoolihan (1902). With E. J. Ellis he edited the Works of William Blake (1893), and Ideas of Good and Evil, volume of essays (1903).  YECLA,. A town of the Province of Murcia, Spain, 72 miles southwest of Valencia (Map: Spain, E 3). Cereals, wine, excellent oil, feather grass, and vegetables constitute the chief productions of the district, with some manufactures of spirits, soap, and leather goods. In the vicinity are many ruins. Population, in 1900, 18,117.  YEDO, or YEDDO,. The former name of the capital of Japan. See.  YEGORYEVSK,. A district town in the Government of Ryazan, Central Russia, about 60 miles southeast of Moscow (Map: Russia, E 3). It is an industrial town and has extensive cotton mills with an annual output valued at about $5,000,000. Population, in 1897, 19,241.  YEISK,. A seaport in the Territory of Kuban, Northern Caucasia, situated on the eastern coast of the Sea of Azov, 60 miles southwest of Azov (Map: Russia, E 5). It produces leather, flour, and tallow, but a large part of the population is engaged in agriculture and gardening. Population, in 1897, 35,446. <section end="Yeisk" /> <section begin="Yekaterinburg" />YEKATERINBURG,. A town of Russia. See. <section end="Yekaterinburg" /> <section begin="Yekaterinodar" />YEKATERINODAR,. The capital of Kuban, Northern Caucasia. See. <section end="Yekaterinodar" /> <section begin="Yekaterinoslav" />YEKATERINOSLAV,. A town and government of Russia. See. <section end="Yekaterinoslav" /> <section begin="Yelansk" />YELANSK,. A town in the Province of the Don Cossacks, South Russia, on the left bank of the Don, 290 miles north-northeast of<section end="Yelansk" />