Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/841

* YAQUI. ni YARMOUTH. concern tVipmsclves cliielly with stock-raising and the cultivation of corn, cotton, beans, tobacco, and tlic iiiagiu!)' from which the mescal liquor is obtained. Tlic women are expert weavers. Their houses are lifzht .structures adapted to the warm climate. ICach village has its own chief. They have the clan system and several ceremonial so- cieties resembling those of the Pueblo Iribes. In the outlying country the men are employed as miners. catUemeii, teamsters, and pearl divers. They make good sohiiers, but their history has been one of almost constant revolt against the Mexican (lovernment. A rising in 1740-41, in which they were joined by the neighboring !Mayo (q.v,), was put down by Governor Vildosola, who defeated the Indians in two great battles., and shot their chiefs after the tribes bad submitted. The Yaqui remained quiet tmtil 1825, when an attempt at taxation by the newly established Mexican Government led to another revolt under Juzucanea, k!iom as P>anderas, from a banner which he carried, claimed to have originally be- longed to Jlontczuma. He proved an able gen- eral and organizer, making bis own powder, ar- ranging alli.ances with the neighboring tribes, restraining his peo])le from vmnecessary cruelties, and hiring several white soldiers to drill his men. After three years' fighting, said to have cost 3000 lives, the war was brought to a close on the promise of concessions by the Mexican Government, with permission to the Yaqui to retain their captured arms, cattle, and supplies. Banderas was commissioned Captain-General of the tribe with a regular salary. In 1832 Banderas headed another rising with the purpose of organizing the tribes of Sonora into an Indian State with himself as King. With a thousand Yaqui warriors, reinforced by con- tingents of Pima (q.v.) and Opata (q.v.), he marched upon tJres, but was met and defeated by Escalante in a desperate battle, Banderas him- self was taken and shot. The war continued for nearly a year longer, but the Indians were finally brought to submission. Another war, be- gm about 1884, ended in April, 1887, with the capture of the Yaqui chief Cajenie, who was pub- licly executed in the presence of his people. This war had been ))rought about by encroach- ments upon the lands of the tribe, and at its close the Indians were siipposed to be completely crushed, but eontiniied inroads of gold-hunters upon the Yaqui territory, with the conniv- ance of the Mexican Government, led to serious disturbances a few years afterwards and cul- minated in 1000 in a general rising. In one of the first engagements a small detachment of Mexican troops was surprised near Mazatlan'and half their number were killed. Soon aftenvards General Torres with 700 troops surroimded a large force of Yaqui in a canon near the same place and killed 124 men, women, and children, and captured 234 women and children, who were at once deported to practieal slavery in Y'ucatan. In 1740 the Yaqui were supposed to number about 40.000, but continued w^ars have reduced them to ,about 13,000. YAQtri. A river- of Northwestern Mexico (Map: Mexico. D 4). It is formed by two head- streams, both bearing the name of the main stream, one rising on the plateau of Chihuahua, the other in Arizona. From the confluence the main stream flows southwestward through the mountains of Sonora, and empties into the Gulf of California after a course of .'j20 miles. Cours- ing through a rugged mountain valley, it is not navigable to any extent. YARD. See Weights and Measures. YARIBA, ya'riVba. A former negro kingdom in Africa. See YoKl'lJA. YARITAGUA, ya'rS-til'gwa. A town of Venezuela, situated in a beautiful moimtain valley, 75 miles east of Lake ilaraeaibo (Map: Venezuela. D 2 ). It is noted for the production of excellent tobacco, and is a commercial centre of some importance. Population, about 12,000. YARKAND, yiir'kand'. A town of Kastern Turkestan, Chinese JCmpire, on the Yarkand- Darya, a headstrcam of the Tarim (q.v.), about 100 miles southeast of Kashgar (Map: Asia, G .5). It lies in a fertile valley and is surrounded by a liigh wall and a nmat. In the northwestern part of the city rises the fort of Yengisher. There are also a citadel in the new Chinese quarter, an old palace of the Emir, numerous mosques, and a fine bazaar. Y^arkand is the centre of an agri- cultural and stock-raising region and manufac- tures felt and carpets. It also c;irries on a con- siderable trade in wool, silk, leather, dyes, sugar, opium, tea, etc. The city was taken by the Dungans in 1864, and became the second capital of Kashgar under Yakub Beg, but was recov- ered by the Chinese in 1877, Its population is estimated at from 70,000 to 100,000, composed principally of Mohammedans of Turko-Tatar descent. YARMOUTH, yar'mfith, or Great Yar- mouth. A seaport, fishing and sea-bathing tow-n of England, on the east coast, of Norfolk, 19 miles east of Norwich, at the mouth of the Y'are, on a peninsula about a mile and a half broad, washed on the west by the Yare and Breydon Water, and on the east by the North Sea" (Map: England, H 4). The to-n communicates with the Suffolk suburbs of Sonthtown, or Little Y'armouth, and Gorleston on the right bank of the Yare, by a bridge. Quays border each side of the rivtr for nearly two miles, and here are the town hall, the council chamber, and several other handsome buildings and many of the finest houses. There are a sailors' home, fishermen's hospital, and military asvlum, the principal church being that of Saint Nicholas, founded in the twelfth century, a handsome cruciform building with a tower and spire 168 feet high. The town also has a monumental columnr 144 feet high, to the memori- of Nelson, several batteries, and a marine drive and prom- enade two miles long. Vessels of over 200 tons can enter the harbor, which is formed by the Y'are. Y^armouth is the principal seat of the English herring fishery. The curing of fish is important, and the ^'arniouth bloater' is highly esteemed. An extensive export trade in agri- cultural produce, herrin.ss. and malt is main- tained. Shipbuilding is carried on. as well as the' manufacture of ropes, sails, nets, and silk goods. There are also foundries, tan works, and flour mills. Population, in 1801. 49..334; in 1901, ,"51,2,50. YARMOUTH. A port of entry and the capital of Y'armouth County, Nova Scotia,